Hanyoyi da matakai don magancewa da ƙarfafa ƙarancin tushe ƙasa, kawai karanta wannan labarin!

1. Hanyar sauyawa

(1) Hanyar maye gurbin ita ce cire ƙasa mai tushe mara kyau, sa'an nan kuma a cika da ƙasa tare da mafi kyawun kayan haɓaka don ƙaddamarwa ko tamping don samar da kyakkyawan Layer mai ɗaukar nauyi.Wannan zai canza halayen iya ɗauka na tushe kuma ya inganta ƙarfin nakasawa da kwanciyar hankali.

Abubuwan gine-gine: tono ƙasan ƙasa don canzawa kuma kula da kwanciyar hankali na gefen rami;tabbatar da ingancin filler;ya kamata a haɗa filler a cikin yadudduka.

(2) Hanyar maye gurbin vibro tana amfani da na'ura ta musamman mai maye gurbin vibro don girgiza da kuma zubar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin manyan jiragen ruwa don samar da ramuka a cikin tushe, sa'an nan kuma cika ramukan da dunƙule mai laushi irin su dakakken dutse ko tsakuwa a cikin batches don samar da su. wani tari jiki.Jikin tari da ƙasa tushe na asali sun samar da harsashi mai haɗaka don cimma manufar haɓaka ƙarfin ɗaukar tushe da rage matsawa.Kariyar gini: Ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi da daidaita tulin dutsen da aka niƙa ya dogara da yawa akan iyakokin ƙasa na asali na ƙasa a kai.Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan dutse.Sabili da haka, dole ne a yi amfani da wannan hanya tare da taka tsantsan lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi akan tushe mai laushi tare da ƙananan ƙarfi.

(3) Hanyar maye gurbi (matsi) tana amfani da bututu mai nutsewa ko guduma don sanya bututu (hammers) a cikin ƙasa, ta yadda ƙasa za ta matse ta gefe, kuma a sanya tsakuwa ko yashi da sauran abubuwan da aka cika a cikin bututu (ko ramming). rami).Jikin tari da ƙasan tushe na asali sun samar da tushen harsashi.Saboda matsewa da ramuwa, ana matse ƙasa a gefe, ƙasa ta tashi, kuma yawan matsa lamba na ruwa na ƙasa yana ƙaruwa.Lokacin da wuce haddi ruwa matsa lamba ya bace, da ƙasa ƙarfi kuma yana ƙaruwa daidai.Kariyar gine-gine: Lokacin da filler ya kasance yashi da tsakuwa tare da kyawawa mai kyau, yana da kyau tashar magudanar ruwa a tsaye.

2. Hanyar saukewa

(1) Hanyar lodawa kafin gina ginin, ana amfani da hanyar lodawa ta wucin gadi (yashi, tsakuwa, ƙasa, sauran kayan gini, kaya, da sauransu) don ɗaukar kaya zuwa harsashin, yana ba da takamaiman lokacin ɗaukar kaya.Bayan an riga an danne harsashin don kammala mafi yawan matsuguni kuma an inganta ƙarfin ƙarfin ginin, an cire kayan kuma an gina ginin.Tsarin gini da mahimman abubuwan: a.Nauyin preloading gabaɗaya yakamata ya zama daidai ko girma fiye da nauyin ƙira;b.Don loda manyan yanki, ana iya amfani da babbar motar juji da kuma bulldozer a hade, kuma matakin farko na lodi akan tushen ƙasa mai laushi ana iya yin shi da injin haske ko aikin hannu;c.Nisa na sama na lodi ya kamata ya zama ƙarami fiye da nisa na ƙasa na ginin, kuma ƙasa ya kamata a ƙara girman da ya dace;d.Nauyin da ke aiki akan tushe dole ne ya wuce babban nauyin tushe.

(2) Hanyar ɗora injin ruwa An shimfiɗa saman matashin matashin yashi akan saman tushe mai laushi, an rufe shi da geomembrane kuma an rufe shi.Ana amfani da famfo don fitar da yashi matashin matashin kai don haifar da mummunan matsi a kan tushe a ƙarƙashin membrane.Yayin da ake fitar da iska da ruwa a cikin kafuwar, ƙasan tushe tana ƙarfafawa.Don hanzarta haɓaka, ana kuma iya amfani da rijiyoyin yashi ko allunan magudanar ruwa, wato, za a iya haƙa rijiyoyin yashi ko allunan magudanar ruwa kafin a shimfiɗa yashin matashin yashi da geomembrane don rage nisan magudanar ruwa.Wuraren gine-gine: da farko kafa tsarin magudanar ruwa a tsaye, ya kamata a binne bututun tacewa a kwance a cikin ratsi ko sifofin kashin kifi, kuma membrane ɗin rufewa akan saman matashin yashi ya kamata ya zama 2-3 yadudduka na fim ɗin polyvinyl chloride, wanda yakamata a dage farawa lokaci guda. a jere.Lokacin da yanki ya yi girma, yana da kyau a yi amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban;yin kallo akan digiri na vacuum, daidaitawar ƙasa, sulhu mai zurfi, ƙaura a kwance, da dai sauransu;Bayan an gama yin lodi, ya kamata a cire kwandon yashi da humus Layer.Ya kamata a ba da hankali ga tasirin da ke kewaye da shi.

(3) Hanyar zubar da ruwa Rage matakin ruwa na ƙasa zai iya rage matsi na ruwa na tushe da kuma ƙara yawan nauyin nauyin kai na ƙasa mai yawa, ta yadda damuwa mai tasiri ya karu, ta haka ne ya fara farawa da tushe.Wannan shi ne ainihin don cimma manufar ƙaddamarwa ta hanyar rage matakin ruwan ƙasa da kuma dogara ga nauyin kai na ƙasa tushe.Wuraren gine-gine: gabaɗaya amfani da wuraren rijiyar haske, maki rijiyar jet ko maki mai zurfi;lokacin da ƙasa Layer aka cika yumbu, silt, silt da silty lãka, yana da kyau a hada da lantarki.

(4) Hanyar Electroosmosis: Saka na'urorin lantarki na ƙarfe a cikin tushe kuma su wuce kai tsaye.A karkashin aikin filin lantarki na yanzu kai tsaye, ruwa a cikin ƙasa zai gudana daga anode zuwa cathode don samar da electroosmosis.Kada a sake cika ruwa a cikin anode kuma a yi amfani da vacuum don zubar da ruwa daga wurin rijiyar a cathode, ta yadda ruwan kasa ya ragu kuma an rage yawan ruwa a cikin ƙasa.A sakamakon haka, harsashin yana ƙarfafawa kuma yana ƙarfafawa, kuma ƙarfin yana inganta.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da hanyar electroosmosis tare da ƙaddamarwa don haɓaka haɓakar tushen cikkaken lãka.

3. Hanyar daɗaɗɗa da tamping

1. Hanyar daɗaɗɗen ƙasa tana amfani da tambarin hannu, injin ƙaramar kuzari, mirgina ko injin mirgina don ƙaddamar da ƙasa mara kyau.Hakanan zai iya tattara ƙasa mai cikawa mai yadi.Lokacin da abin da ke cikin ƙasa ya yi girma ko kuma abin da ke cikin ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa ya yi girma, ana iya sanya lemun tsami da siminti a cikin yadudduka don ƙaddamarwa don ƙarfafa ƙasa.

2. Hanyar bugun guduma mai nauyi mai nauyi tamping shine yin amfani da babban kuzarin tamping da ake samu ta hanyar faɗuwar guduma mai nauyi don ƙaddamar da tushe mara tushe, don haka an kafa wani ƙaramin harsashi mai ƙarancin inganci a saman, da kuma wani kauri na musamman. an samu Layer mai ɗaukar nauyi.Mahimman mahimman abubuwan gini: Kafin gini, yakamata a yi tamping ɗin gwaji don tantance sigogin fasaha masu dacewa, kamar nauyin guduma, diamita na ƙasa da nisa mai nisa, adadin nutsewar ƙarshe da adadin adadin lokutan tamping da jimillar. adadin nutsewa;hawan ƙasa na tsagi da rami kafin tamping ya kamata ya zama mafi girma fiye da haɓakar ƙira;Ya kamata a sarrafa danshi na ƙasan tushe a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin abun ciki na danshi yayin tamping;ya kamata a aiwatar da tamping mai girma a jere;mai zurfi na farko da mara zurfi daga baya lokacin da hawan tushe ya bambanta;a lokacin aikin hunturu, lokacin da ƙasa ta daskare, sai a tono daskararren ƙasa ko kuma a narke ƙasa ta hanyar dumama;Bayan kammalawa, yakamata a cire ƙasan da aka kwance cikin lokaci ko kuma a murɗa ƙasa mai iyo zuwa tsayin ƙira a nisan digo na kusan 1m.

3. Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi shine taƙaitaccen tamping mai ƙarfi.An jefar da guduma mai nauyi da yardar kaina daga wani wuri mai tsayi, yana yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan harsashin ginin, kuma akai-akai tamping ƙasa.An daidaita tsarin barbashi a cikin ƙasa tushe, kuma ƙasa ta zama mai yawa, wanda zai iya inganta ƙarfin tushe sosai kuma ya rage matsawa.Tsarin ginin shine kamar haka: 1) Matsayin wurin;2) Sanya Layer na matashin tsakuwa mai daraja;3) Ƙaddamar da tsakuwa ta hanyar haɓaka mai ƙarfi;4) Mataki da cika madaidaicin matashin matashin tsakuwa;5) Cikakken m sau ɗaya;6) Level da sa geotextile;7) Cika madogaran matashin matashin matashin yanayi da mirgina shi sau takwas tare da abin nadi mai girgiza.Gabaɗaya, kafin babban ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, yakamata a gudanar da gwaji na yau da kullun akan rukunin yanar gizon da yanki bai wuce 400m2 ba don samun bayanai da ƙirar jagora da gini.

4. Hanyar haɗakarwa

1. Hanyar haɗakarwar girgiza tana amfani da maimaita girgizar ƙasa a kwance da tasirin squeezing na gefe wanda na'urar girgiza ta musamman ta haifar don lalata tsarin ƙasa a hankali kuma cikin sauri ƙara matsa lamba na pore ruwa.Saboda lalata tsarin, barbashin ƙasa na iya motsawa zuwa ƙaramin ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari, ta yadda ƙasa ta canza daga sako-sako zuwa mai yawa.

Tsarin gine-gine: (1) Matakin wurin ginin kuma shirya wuraren tari;(2) Motar gini tana cikin wurin kuma mai girgiza yana nufin wurin tari;(3) Fara vibrator kuma bari ya nutse a hankali a cikin ƙasan ƙasa har sai ya kasance 30 zuwa 50 cm sama da zurfin ƙarfafawa, yin rikodin ƙimar halin yanzu da lokacin vibrator a kowane zurfin, kuma ɗaga vibrator zuwa bakin rami.Maimaita matakan da ke sama sau 1 zuwa 2 don sa laka a cikin ramin ya zama siriri.(4) Zuba wani nau'i na filler a cikin rami, nutsar da vibrator a cikin filler don daidaita shi kuma fadada diamita.Maimaita wannan matakin har sai na yanzu a zurfin ya kai ga ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun halin yanzu, da yin rikodin adadin filler.(5) Ɗaga vibrator daga cikin ramin kuma ci gaba da gina sashin tari na sama har sai dukkanin jikin taji ya girgiza, sa'an nan kuma motsa vibrator da kayan aiki zuwa wani matsayi.(6) A yayin aiwatar da tari, kowane sashe na jikin tari ya kamata ya dace da buƙatun ƙaddamarwa na yanzu, adadin cikawa da lokacin riƙewar girgiza.Ya kamata a ƙayyade ma'auni na asali ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen yin tari a wurin.(7) Yakamata a kafa tsarin ramin laka tun da farko a wurin aikin don mayar da laka da ruwan da ake samu yayin yin aikin tari zuwa wani tanki mai narkewa.Za a iya tono laka mai kauri a gindin tanki akai-akai kuma a aika zuwa wurin da aka riga aka shirya.Za a iya sake amfani da ruwa mai tsaftataccen ruwa a saman tanki mai lalata.(8) Daga karshe sai a tono jikin tulin mai kaurin mita 1 a saman tulin, ko kuma a dunkule a dunkule ta hanyar birgima, a yi tagumi mai karfi (over-tamping) da sauransu, sannan a shimfida shimfidar kushin. kuma m.

2. Tumbin tsakuwa na bututu (tuni mai tsakuwa, tulin ƙasa mai lemun tsami, tulin OG, tulin ƙarancin ƙima, da sauransu) amfani da injinan tulin bututu don yin guduma, girgiza, ko matsar da bututu a cikin tushe don samar da ramuka, sannan a saka. kayan cikin bututu, da kuma ɗaga (vibrates) bututu yayin sanya kayan a cikin su don samar da jiki mai yawa, wanda ya samar da tushe mai haɗaka tare da tushe na asali.

3. Ramin tsakuwa (blocking piers) suna amfani da tambarin guduma mai nauyi ko kuma tsakuwa mai ƙarfi don murƙushe tsakuwa (block dutse) a cikin harsashin ginin, a hankali cika tsakuwa (blocking stone) cikin ramin da ake murɗawa, sannan a yi ta tambaɗa akai-akai don samar da tulin tsakuwa ko toshewa. tudun duwatsu.

5. Hanyar hadawa

1. High-motsi jet grouting Hanyar (high-matsi rotary jet hanya) yana amfani da babban matsa lamba don fesa siminti slurry daga cikin allura rami ta cikin bututun, kai tsaye yankan da halakar da ƙasa yayin da hadawa tare da ƙasa da kuma taka wani m maye rawa.Bayan dagewa, sai ya zama gauraye tari (column) jiki, wanda ya samar da harsashi mai haɗaka tare da tushe.Hakanan za'a iya amfani da wannan hanyar don samar da tsari mai riƙewa ko tsarin hana gani.

2. Hanyar hadawa mai zurfi Hanyar hadawa mai zurfi ana amfani da ita musamman don ƙarfafa cikakken yumbu mai laushi.Yana amfani da slurry siminti da siminti (ko lemun tsami) a matsayin babban maganin warkewa, kuma yana amfani da na'ura mai zurfi na musamman don aika da maganin warkewa zuwa cikin ƙasa tushe kuma a tilasta shi ya gauraye da ƙasa don samar da takin ƙasa na siminti (lemun tsami). (column) jiki, wanda ya samar da harsashi mai hade tare da tushe na asali.Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na zahiri da na inji na tulin ƙasan siminti (ginshiƙai) sun dogara ne akan jerin halayen sinadarai na zahiri tsakanin wakili mai warkarwa da ƙasa.Adadin da aka kara da cewa maganin warkewa, haɗakar daidaitattun daidaito da kaddarorin ƙasa sune manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kaddarorin tulin ƙasan siminti (ginshiƙai) har ma da ƙarfi da damfara na tushe mai haɗaka.Tsarin gine-gine: ① Matsayi ② Shirye-shiryen Slurry ③ Slurry bayarwa ④ Drilling and spraying ⑤ Hakowa da fesawa Mix ya kamata a maimaita sau ɗaya.⑨ Bayan an gama tulin, sai a tsaftace tarkacen ƙasan da ke naɗe a kan ɗumbin ruwan da ake fesawa, sannan a matsar da direban tulun zuwa wani wurin gini.
6. Hanyar ƙarfafawa

(1) Geosynthetics Geosynthetics sabon nau'in kayan aikin injiniya ne.Yana amfani da polymers ɗin da aka haɗa ta wucin gadi kamar su robobi, filayen sinadarai, robar roba, da sauransu a matsayin ɗanyen kayan aiki don kera nau'ikan samfura daban-daban, waɗanda ake sanya su a ciki, a saman ko tsakanin sassan ƙasa don ƙarfafa ko kare ƙasa.Geosynthetics za a iya raba zuwa geotextiles, geomembranes, musamman geosynthetics da kuma hada geosynthetics.

(2) Fasahar bangon ƙusa Ƙasa gabaɗaya ana saita kusoshi ta hanyar hakowa, sanya sanduna, da grouting, amma akwai kuma kusoshi na ƙasa da aka kafa ta hanyar tuƙi masu kauri kai tsaye, sassan ƙarfe, da bututun ƙarfe.Kusan ƙasa yana hulɗa da ƙasan da ke kewaye tare da dukan tsawonsa.Dogaro da juriya na haɗin gwiwa akan hanyar sadarwa, yana samar da ƙasa mai hade da ƙasan da ke kewaye.Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin lalacewar ƙasa.Ƙasar tana ƙarfafa ta musamman ta hanyar aikin sassa.Kusan ƙasa gabaɗaya yana samar da wani kusurwa tare da jirgin, don haka ana kiransa ƙarfafawar da ba ta dace ba.Kusoshi na ƙasa sun dace da goyon bayan ramin tushe da ƙarfafa gangara na cika wucin gadi, ƙasa yumbu, da yashi mai rauni mai rauni sama da matakin ruwan ƙasa ko bayan hazo.

(3) Ƙasar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa ita ce ta binne ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙasan ƙasa, kuma a yi amfani da gogayya da aka haifar ta hanyar ƙaurawar barbashi na ƙasa da ƙarfafawa don samar da ƙasa gaba ɗaya tare da kayan ƙarfafawa, rage lalacewar gaba ɗaya da haɓaka kwanciyar hankali gaba ɗaya. .Ƙarfafawa shine ƙarfafawa a kwance.Gabaɗaya, tsiri, raga, da kayan filamentary tare da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, babban juriyar juriya da lalata ana amfani da su, kamar zanen ƙarfe na galvanized;aluminum gami, roba kayan, da dai sauransu.
7. Hanyar gutsure

Yi amfani da matsa lamba na iska, matsa lamba na ruwa ko ka'idodin electrochemical don shigar da wasu slurries masu ƙarfafawa cikin matsakaicin tushe ko rata tsakanin ginin da tushe.A grouting slurry iya zama ciminti slurry, ciminti turmi, yumbu ciminti slurry, lãka slurry, lemun tsami slurry da daban-daban sinadaran slurries kamar polyurethane, lignin, silicate, da dai sauransu A cewar manufar grouting, shi za a iya raba zuwa anti-seepage grouting. , plugging grouting, ƙarfafa grouting da tsarin karkatar da gyara grouting.Bisa ga hanyar grouting, ana iya raba shi zuwa grouting compaction, infiltration grouting, tsagawa grouting da electrochemical grouting.Hanyar grouting tana da aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin kiyaye ruwa, gini, hanyoyi da gadoji da fannonin injiniya daban-daban.

8. Common mugun tushe kasa da kuma halaye

1. Laka mai laushi Laka mai laushi kuma ana kiranta ƙasa mai laushi, wanda shine taƙaitaccen ƙasa mai rauni.An kafa shi a cikin marigayi Quaternary lokaci kuma nasa ne na danko sediments ko kogin alluvial adibas na marine lokaci, lagoon lokaci, kogin kwarin lokaci, lake lokaci, nutse kwarin lokaci, delta lokaci, da dai sauransu An fi rarraba a cikin bakin teku yankunan, tsakiyar tsakiya. da ƙananan magudanar ruwa ko kusa da tabkuna.Ƙasar yumɓu mai rauni gama gari sune silt da ƙasa mara nauyi.Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa mai laushi sun haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa: (1) Kayayyakin jiki Abubuwan da ke cikin yumbu suna da girma, kuma ma'aunin filastik Ip gabaɗaya ya fi 17, wanda shine ƙasa yumbu.Laka mai laushi galibi launin toka ne, koren duhu, yana da wari mara kyau, yana ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana da babban abun ciki na ruwa, gabaɗaya sama da kashi 40%, yayin da silt kuma zai iya wuce 80%.Matsakaicin ma'auni shine gabaɗaya 1.0-2.0, daga cikinsu ana kiran ƙimar porosity na 1.0-1.5 silty yumbu, kuma ana kiran rabon porosity fiye da 1.5 silt.Saboda babban abun ciki na yumbu, babban abun ciki na ruwa da kuma babban porosity, kayan aikin injiniya kuma suna nuna halaye masu dacewa - ƙananan ƙarfi, babban matsawa, ƙananan haɓakawa da ƙwarewa mai zurfi.(2) Kayan aikin injiniya Ƙarfin yumbu mai laushi yana da ƙananan ƙananan, kuma ƙarfin da ba a daɗe yana yawanci kawai 5-30 kPa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin ƙananan ƙima na ƙima, gabaɗaya baya wuce 70 kPa, kuma wasu ma kawai ne kawai. 20 kpa.Lambu mai laushi, musamman silt, yana da babban hankali, wanda kuma alama ce mai mahimmanci wanda ke bambanta shi da yumbu.Laka mai laushi yana da matukar damuwa.Matsakaicin matsawa ya fi 0.5 MPa-1, kuma zai iya kaiwa iyakar 45 MPa-1.Matsakaicin matsawa shine kusan 0.35-0.75.A cikin yanayi na al'ada, yumbu mai laushi yana cikin ƙasa mai ƙarfi na al'ada ko ƙasa mai ƙarfi, amma wasu yadudduka na ƙasa, musamman ma'adinan ƙasa kwanan nan, na iya kasancewa cikin ƙasa mara ƙarfi.Matsakaicin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙaƙƙarfan yumɓun yumɓu mai laushi, wanda gabaɗaya yana tsakanin 10-5-10-8 cm/s.Idan ma'auni na haɓaka yana ƙarami, ƙimar ƙarfafawa yana da sannu a hankali, damuwa mai tasiri yana ƙaruwa a hankali, kuma kwanciyar hankali yana da jinkirin, kuma ƙarfin tushe yana ƙaruwa sosai a hankali.Wannan sifa wani muhimmin al'amari ne wanda ke da matuƙar ƙuntata tushen jiyya da tasirin magani.(3) Halayen injiniya Tushen yumbu mai laushi yana da ƙananan ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi da jinkirin haɓakar ƙarfi;yana da sauƙi don lalata da rashin daidaituwa bayan loading;yawan nakasa yana da girma kuma lokacin kwanciyar hankali yana da tsawo;yana da halaye na low permeability, thixotropy da high rheology.Hanyoyin jiyya na tushe da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da hanyar ƙaddamarwa, hanyar sauyawa, hanyar haɗawa, da sauransu.

2. Cike daban-daban Cika iri-iri yana bayyana a wasu tsoffin wuraren zama da wuraren masana'antu da ma'adinai.Ƙasar datti ce ta bar ko tarawa ta hanyar rayuwar mutane da ayyukan noma.Gabaɗaya waɗannan ƙasƙan shara sun kasu kashi uku: ƙasar sharar gini, ƙasar sharar gida da kuma ƙasar sharar masana'antu.Daban-daban na ƙasan datti da ƙasan datti da aka tara a lokuta daban-daban suna da wuyar siffanta su tare da ma'anar ƙarfi ɗaya ɗaya, alamun matsawa da alamun haɓaka.Babban halayen cika daban-daban sune tarawar da ba a shirya ba, hadadden abun da ke ciki, kaddarorin daban-daban, kauri mara daidaituwa da rashin daidaituwa.Saboda haka, wannan rukunin yanar gizon yana nuna bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin matsawa da ƙarfi, wanda yake da sauƙin haifar da rashin daidaituwa, kuma yawanci yana buƙatar maganin tushe.

3. Cika ƙasa Cika ƙasa shine ƙasa da aka ajiye ta hanyar cika ruwa.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da shi sosai wajen haɓaka tudun ruwa na bakin teku da kuma sake farfado da ambaliya.Dam din da ke fadowa ruwa (wanda ake kira fill dam) da aka fi gani a yankin arewa maso yamma, dam ne da aka gina da kasa mai cike da ruwa.Tushen da aka kafa ta hanyar cika ƙasa ana iya ɗaukarsa azaman nau'in tushe na halitta.Kaddarorin aikin injiniyansa sun dogara ne akan kaddarorin ƙasa mai cika.Cika tushen ƙasa gabaɗaya yana da halaye masu mahimmanci masu zuwa.(1) A fili sedimentation na barbashi a jerawa.Kusa da mashigar laka, ana fara fara ajiye ɓangarorin ɓangarorin.Nisa daga mashigar laka, ɓangarorin da aka ajiye sun zama mafi kyau.A lokaci guda kuma, akwai bayyanannen rarrabuwa a cikin zurfin shugabanci.(2) Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa na cika ƙasa yana da girma, gabaɗaya ya fi iyakar ruwa, kuma yana cikin yanayi mai gudana.Bayan an dakatar da cikawa, saman sau da yawa yakan zama fashe bayan ƙawancen yanayi, kuma abun cikin ruwa yana raguwa sosai.Duk da haka, ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa har yanzu tana cikin yanayi mai gudana yayin da yanayin magudanan ruwa ba su da kyau.Mafi kyawun ciko barbashi na ƙasa, mafi kyawun wannan sabon abu shine.(3) Ƙarfin farko na tushen ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa yana da ƙasa sosai kuma ƙarfin ƙarfin yana da girma.Wannan saboda ƙasa mai cike da ƙasa tana cikin rashin ƙarfi.Tushen cikewar baya sannu a hankali ya kai matsayin haɗin kai na yau da kullun yayin da tsayin lokaci yana ƙaruwa.Kaddarorin aikin injiniyan sa sun dogara ne akan abun da ke ciki, daidaituwa, yanayin ƙarfafa magudanar ruwa da tsayayyen lokaci bayan cikawa.

4. Cikakkun sako-sako da yashi mai yashi ko yashi mai kyau sau da yawa yana da babban ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin kaya mai tsayi.Koyaya, lokacin da nauyin girgizar ƙasa ( girgizar ƙasa, girgizar inji, da sauransu) ke aiki, cikakkiyar tushe mai yashi mai yashi na iya yin ruwa ko kuma ya sha babban adadin nakasar girgiza, ko ma rasa ƙarfinsa.Wannan shi ne saboda ƙasa barbashi an sako-sako da shirya da kuma matsayi na barbashi ne dislocated a karkashin mataki na waje tsauri karfi don cimma wani sabon ma'auni, wanda nan take ya haifar da wani mafi girma wuce haddi pore ruwa matsa lamba da tasiri danniya rage sauri.Manufar kula da wannan tushe shine don sanya shi ƙarami da kuma kawar da yiwuwar liquefaction a ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyi.Hanyoyin jiyya na yau da kullum sun haɗa da hanyar extrusion, hanyar vibroflotation, da dai sauransu.

5. Collapsible loess Ƙasar da ke fama da ƙarin nakasawa saboda lalata tsarin ƙasa bayan nutsewa a ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyin nauyin nauyin ƙasa mai zurfi, ko kuma a ƙarƙashin aikin haɗin kai na damuwa da ƙarin damuwa, ana kiransa rushewa. ƙasa, wanda nasa ne na ƙasa na musamman.Wasu ƙasa mai cike da nau'ikan ma suna iya rushewa.Loess da aka rarraba a arewa maso gabas kasata, arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin, tsakiyar kasar Sin da wasu sassan gabashin kasar Sin suna iya rugujewa.(Loess da aka ambata a nan yana nufin ƙasa mai kama da loess. Loess ɗin da za a iya rushewa ya kasu kashi-kashi mai ɗaukar nauyi da kuma wanda ba mai nauyi ba, kuma wasu tsofaffin loess ba za su iya rushewa ba).A lokacin da ake gudanar da aikin injiniya a kan harsashi na loess mai rugujewa, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da yiwuwar cutar da aikin da ƙarin sulhu ya haifar da rushewar tushe, kuma a zaɓi hanyoyin da suka dace na jiyya na tushe don gujewa ko kawar da rugujewar gidauniyar ko illolin da ke haifarwa. kadan na rushewa.

6. Ƙasa mai faɗaɗa Bangaren ma'adinai na ƙasa mai fa'ida shine montmorillonite, wanda ke da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.Yana faɗaɗa cikin ƙara lokacin shan ruwa kuma yana raguwa cikin ƙara lokacin rasa ruwa.Wannan haɓakawa da nakasar ƙanƙara sau da yawa yana da girma sosai kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine cikin sauƙi.An rarraba ƙasa mai faɗi a cikin ƙasata, kamar Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu da sauran wurare, tare da rarraba iri daban-daban.Ƙasa mai faɗi ƙasa ce ta musamman.Hanyoyin jiyya na tushe gama gari sun haɗa da maye gurbin ƙasa, haɓaka ƙasa, riga-kafin jiƙa, da matakan injiniya don hana canje-canje a cikin damshin ƙasan tushe.

7. Ƙasar halitta da ƙasa peat Lokacin da ƙasa ta ƙunshi nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, za a samar da ƙasa daban-daban.Lokacin da abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta ya wuce wani abun ciki, za a samar da ƙasa peat.Yana da kaddarorin injiniya daban-daban.Mafi girman abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta, mafi girman tasiri akan ingancin ƙasa, wanda aka fi nunawa a cikin ƙananan ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙarfi.Hakanan yana da tasiri daban-daban akan haɗa kayan aikin injiniya daban-daban, waɗanda ke da mummunan tasiri akan ginin injiniyan kai tsaye ko jiyya na tushe.

8. Ƙasar tushe ta dutse Yanayin yanayin ƙasa na tushen dutse yana da ɗan rikitarwa, galibi yana bayyana cikin rashin daidaituwa na tushe da kwanciyar hankali na wurin.Saboda tasirin yanayin yanayi da yanayin samuwar kasa tushe, za a iya samun manyan duwatsu a cikin wurin, kuma yanayin wurin yana iya samun munanan abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin kasa kamar zaftarewar kasa, zaftarewar laka, da gangarewa.Za su haifar da barazana kai tsaye ko mai yuwuwa ga gine-gine.Lokacin gina gine-gine a kan harsashi na dutse, ya kamata a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga abubuwan muhalli na wurin da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba, kuma a kula da tushe idan ya cancanta.

9. Karst A yankunan karst, sau da yawa akan sami kogo ko kogo na ƙasa, karst gullies, karst crevices, depressions, da sauransu. Ana samun su kuma suna haɓaka ta hanyar zazzagewa ko raguwar ruwan ƙasa.Suna da tasiri mai girma akan sifofi kuma suna da haɗari ga rashin daidaituwa, rushewa da raguwa na tushe.Sabili da haka, dole ne a gudanar da magani mai mahimmanci kafin tsarin gine-gine.