한국어
中文1. Usoro ngbanwe
(1) Usoro ngbanwe bụ iwepụ ala ntọala na-adịghị mma, wee jupụta na ala nke nwere ihe nrụpụta ka mma maka ịkwakọ ma ọ bụ tamping iji mepụta oyi akwa dị mma.Nke a ga-agbanwe njirimara ikike ibu nke ntọala ma melite ike nrụrụ ya na nkwụsi ike ya.
Ebe ihe owuwu: gwuo ala oyi akwa ka a gbanwee ma ṅaa ntị na nkwụsi ike nke ọnụ olulu;hụ na mma nke ndochi;ihe ndochi kwesịrị ịkwakọba n'ígwé.
(2) Usoro ngbanwe nke vibro na-eji igwe ngbanwe pụrụ iche nke vibro na-ama jijiji ma na-agbanye n'okpuru ụgbọ elu mmiri dị elu iji mepụta oghere na ntọala ahụ, wee jupụta oghere ndị ahụ na nchịkọta na-adịghị ahụkebe dị ka nkume a gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ okwute dị na batches na-etolite. ikpo ahu.Okpokoro ahụ na ala ntọala mbụ na-etolite ntọala ngwakọta iji nweta ebumnuche nke ịbawanye ikike ibu ntọala na ibelata mkpakọ.Akpachara anya ihe owuwu: Ikike ibu na nhazi nke ikpo okwute a gbajiri agbaji na-adabere na njedebe dị n'akụkụ nke ala ntọala mbụ na ya.Ihe mgbochi ahụ na-esikwu ike, na-akawanye njọ mmetụta nke ikpo nkume a gbajiri agbaji.Ya mere, a ghaghị iji usoro a jiri nlezianya mee ihe mgbe ejiri ya na ntọala ụrọ dị nro na ike dị ala.
(3) Usoro ngbanwe nke Ramming (squeezing) na-eji ọkpọkọ imi ma ọ bụ ramming hammer na-etinye ọkpọkọ (hammers) n'ime ala, nke mere na ala a na-amanye n'akụkụ, na gravel ma ọ bụ ájá na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ejuputa na ọkpọkọ (ma ọ bụ ramming). olulu).Okpokoro ahụ na ala ntọala mbụ na-etolite ntọala ngwakọta.N'ihi ịpịkọta na ramming, ala na-apịpịa n'akụkụ, ala na-ebili, na ngafe pore mmiri nrụgide nke ala na-abawanye.Mgbe oke mmiri nrịbama nke pore na-agbasa, ike ala na-abawanye kwa ya.Akpachara anya ihe owuwu: Mgbe ihe ndochi ahụ bụ ájá na gravel nwere ikike dị mma, ọ bụ ọwa mmiri kwụ ọtọ.
2. Usoro ibu ụzọ
(1) Usoro mbubata mbubata tupu ewue ụlọ, a na-eji usoro ntinye nwa oge (aja, gravel, ala, ihe ụlọ ndị ọzọ, ngwaahịa, wdg) na-etinye ibu na ntọala ahụ, na-enye oge mbupu.Mgbe a na-agbanye ntọala ntọala ahụ iji wuchaa ọtụtụ n'ime nhazi ahụ na ikike ibu nke ntọala ahụ dị mma, a na-ewepụ ibu ahụ ma wuo ụlọ ahụ.Usoro owuwu na isi ihe: a.Ibu ibubu ụzọ kwesịrị n'ozuzu ha nhata ma ọ bụ karịa karịa ibu imewe;b.Maka ịkwanye nnukwu mpaghara, enwere ike iji gwongworo na-ekpofu ihe na bulldozer na-ejikọta, na ọkwa mbụ nke ntinye na ntọala ala dị nro nwere ike iji ígwè ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ aka;c.Obosara elu nke ntinye kwesịrị ịdị ntakịrị karịa obosara ala nke ụlọ ahụ, na ala kwesịrị ịgbasa nke ọma;d.Ibu na-arụ ọrụ na ntọala agaghị agafe oke ibu nke ntọala ahụ.
(2) Usoro mbubata oghere A na-edokwasị oyi akwa ntụ ntụ n'elu ntọala ụrọ dị nro, kpuchie ya na geomembrane ma mechie ya gburugburu.A na-eji mgbapụta na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpochapụ oyi akwa ntụ ntụ iji mepụta nrụgide na-adịghị mma na ntọala n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ.Ka a na-ewepụta ikuku na mmiri dị na ntọala ahụ, a na-ejikọta ala ntọala ahụ.Iji mee ka nchikota ngwa ngwa, a pụkwara iji olulu mmiri ájá ma ọ bụ mbadamba mmiri plastik mee ihe, ya bụ, a ga-egwu olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mbadamba mmiri mmiri tupu ịtọọ oyi akwa akwa akwa ájá na geomembrane iji belata anya mmiri mmiri.Ebe a na-ewu ihe: nke mbụ guzobe usoro drainage vetikal, a ga-eli ọkpọkọ nzacha na-ekesa n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ibe ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ, na mkpuchi mkpuchi na akwa akwa akwa ájá kwesịrị ịbụ 2-3 n'ígwé nke ihe nkiri polyvinyl chloride, nke kwesịrị ịtọ n'otu oge. n'usoro.Mgbe mpaghara ahụ buru ibu, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ibugharị na mpaghara dị iche iche;mee nleba anya na ogo oghere, nhazi ala, nhazi miri emi, ntugharị kwụ ọtọ, wdg;Mgbe ebubatachara ya, ekwesịrị iwepu akwa akwa na humus.Ekwesịrị itinye nlebara anya na mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi.
(3) Usoro ikpochapu mmiri na-ebelata ọkwa mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ibelata nrụgide mmiri pore nke ntọala ahụ ma mee ka nrụgide nke onwe ya dị elu nke ala dị elu, nke mere na nrụgide dị irè na-abawanye, si otú a na-ebuga ntọala ahụ.Nke a bụ n'ezie iji nweta ebumnobi nke ibughari ibu site n'iweda ọkwa mmiri dị n'ime ala na ịdabere na ibu onwe nke ala ntọala.Ebe a na-ewu ihe: n'ozuzu na-eji isi ọkụ ọkụ, isi mmiri jet ma ọ bụ isi mmiri miri emi;mgbe ala oyi akwa jupụtara ụrọ, silt, silt na silty ụrọ, ọ bụ ihe amamihe na-ejikọta na electrodes.
(4) Usoro Electroosmosis: tinye metal electrodes n'ime ntọala ma gafere ugbu a kpọmkwem.N'okpuru ọrụ nke ọkụ eletrik dị ugbu a, mmiri dị n'ime ala ga-esi na anode gaa na cathode iji mepụta electroosmosis.Ekwela ka e mejupụta mmiri na anode ma jiri oghere na-agbapụta mmiri site na olulu mmiri dị na cathode, nke mere na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-ebelata ma na-ebelata mmiri dị n'ime ala.N'ihi ya, a na-eme ka ntọala ahụ sie ike ma jikọta ya, a na-emeziwanye ike ahụ.A pụkwara iji usoro electroosmosis na-ejikọta ya na mbubata iji mee ka nchikota nke ntọala ụrọ juru eju.
3. Usoro nkwekọrịta na ịkụ aka
1. Usoro mkpirisi elu na-eji aka aka tamping, igwe na-akụ obere ume, igwe na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ igwe na-agbagharị agbagharị iji kpakọba ala dị n'elu dịtụghị mma.Ọ nwekwara ike ịgbakọ ala na-ejuputa akwa.Mgbe mmiri dị n'elu ala dị elu ma ọ bụ na mmiri nke mmiri na-ejuputa ala dị elu, a na-edobe lime na ciment n'ígwé maka nchịkọta iji mee ka ala dị ike.
2. Arọ hama tamping usoro Arọ hama tamping bụ iji nnukwu tamping ike eme site free ọdịda nke arọ hama kọmpat na-emighị emi ntọala, nke mere na a dịtụ edo siri ike shei oyi akwa na-guzobere n'elu, na a ụfọdụ ọkpụrụkpụ nke. a na-enweta akwa oyi akwa.Isi ihe nke ihe owuwu: Tupu ewuru ya, a ga-eme nnwale nnwale iji chọpụta paramita teknụzụ dị mkpa, dị ka ịdị arọ nke hama tamping, dayameta ala na anya dobe, ọnụọgụ ikpeazụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwekọrọ na oge tamping na mkpokọta. ego na-eri nri;elu nke ala elu nke uzo na olulu tupu tamping kwesịrị ịdị elu karịa imewe elu;Ekwesịrị ịchịkwa ọdịnaya mmiri nke ala ntọala n'ime oke ọdịnaya mmiri kachasị mma n'oge ịkụ;a ga-eme tamping buru ibu n'usoro;miri mbụ na-emighị emi emesia mgbe isi elu dị iche iche;n'oge oyi na-ewu ụlọ, mgbe ala na-ekpo ọkụ, a ga-egwupụta oyi akwa oyi ma ọ bụ agbaze oyi akwa site na kpo oku;Mgbe emechara ya, a ga-ewepụ ala ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo ka oge na-aga ma ọ bụ mee ka ala ahụ na-ese n'elu mmiri mee ka ọ dị elu n'ebe dị anya nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1m.
3. Mkpịsị aka siri ike bụ mbiri nke ịkụ ọkpọ siri ike.A na-atụba hama dị arọ n'efu site n'ebe dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ ike dị elu na ntọala ahụ, ma na-emegharị ala ugboro ugboro.A na-edozi ihe owuwu ihe dị na ala ntọala, ala ahụ na-aghọkwa oke, nke nwere ike ime ka ike ntọala dịkwuo mma ma belata mkpakọ.Usoro ihe owuwu bụ nke a: 1) Nhazi saịtị ahụ;2) Debe akwa akwa akwa akwa gravel;3) Tọọ ụgbụgba gravel site na mkpirisi ike;4) Ọkwa ma jupụta akwa akwa akwa akwa gravel;5) Kọmpat zuru oke otu ugboro;6) Ọkwa na dina geotextile;7) Mechie oyi akwa mkpuchi slag nke ihu igwe wee jiri igwe na-ama jijiji tụgharịa ya ugboro asatọ.N'ozuzu, tupu nnukwu mkparịta ụka ike dị egwu, a ga-eme ule a na-ahụkarị na saịtị nke nwere mpaghara na-erughị 400m2 iji nweta data na nduzi nhazi na iwu.
4. Usoro nkwekọrịta
1. Usoro mkpirisi na-ama jijiji na-eji mkpọtụ kwụ ọtọ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na mmetụta mpụta n'akụkụ nke ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche nke na-ama jijiji na-emepụta iji jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mebie nhazi nke ala ma na-abawanye nrụgide mmiri pore ngwa ngwa.N'ihi mbibi nhazi ahụ, irighiri ihe ala nwere ike ịkwaga n'ọnọdụ ike dị ala, nke mere na ala na-agbanwe site na nke rụrụ arụ gaa na nnukwu.
Usoro ihe owuwu: (1) Hazie ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu ma dozie ọnọdụ ikpo ọkụ;(2) Ụgbọ ala ndị a na-ewu ihe na-arụ ọrụ na vibrator na-elekwasị anya n'ọnọdụ ikpo ọkụ;(3) Malite onye na-ama jijiji ma hapụ ya ka ọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ banye n'ime ala oyi akwa ruo mgbe ọ dị 30 ruo 50 cm n'elu omimi nkwado ahụ, dekọọ uru dị ugbu a na oge nke vibrator na omimi ọ bụla, ma bulie vibrator na ọnụ oghere.Tinyegharịa usoro ndị a dị n'elu 1 ruo 2 ugboro iji mee ka apịtị dị n'ime oghere ahụ dị nro.(4) Wunye ihe ndochi n'ime oghere, mikpuo onye na-ama jijiji n'ime filler iji gbakọọ ya ma gbasaa dayameta ikpo.Tinyegharịa usoro a ruo mgbe ihe dị ugbu a dị na omimi rutere n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ a kapịrị ọnụ, ma dekọọ ọnụọgụ nke ndochi.(5) Welite vibrator site na oghere ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ akụkụ nke elu elu ruo mgbe ahụ dum na-ama jijiji, wee bugharịa vibrator na akụrụngwa gaa n'ọnọdụ ọzọ.(6) N'oge a na-eme ikpo okwu, akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke ikpo ahụ kwesịrị izute ihe achọrọ nke compaction current, ndochi ego na oge njigide vibration.Ekwesịrị ikpebi ihe ndị bụ isi site na nleba anya na-eme ikpo na saịtị.(7) Ekwesịrị idobe usoro mmiri na-agbapụta ụrọ tupu oge eruo n'ebe a na-ewu ụlọ iji tinye apịtị na mmiri a na-emepụta n'oge a na-emepụta ikpo ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ tankị mmiri.Enwere ike igwu nnukwu apịtị dị n'okpuru tankị mgbe niile ma ziga ya na ebe nchekwa akwadoro.Enwere ike iji mmiri dị larịị nke dị n'elu tankị sedimentation mee ihe.(8) N'ikpeazụ, a ga-egwupụta ozu ahụ nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke mita 1 n'elu ikpo okwu ahụ, ma ọ bụ chịkọta ya ma jikọta ya site na ịpịgharị, ike tamping (over-tamping), wdg, na akwa akwa akwa kwesịrị ịtọgbọ. na kọmpat.
2. Pipe-sinking gravel ikpo (okpokoro gravel, lime ala ikpo, OG ikpo, obere ọkwa ikpo, wdg) na-eji ọkpọkọ-sinking ikpo igwe iji hama, ịma jijiji, ma ọ bụ statically pressurize ọkpọkọ na ntọala na-etolite oghere, wee tinye. ihe n'ime ọkpọkọ, na ebuli (vibrate) ọkpọkọ mgbe etinye ihe n'ime ha na-etolite a ok ikpo ahu, nke na-etolite a mejupụtara ntọala na mbụ ntọala.
3. Rammed gravel piles (block stone piers) na-eji nnukwu hama tamping ma ọ bụ ụzọ siri ike ịkụtu gravel (block stone) n'ime ntọala, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ jupụta gravel (ihe mgbochi) n'ime olulu ahụ, na-akụkwa ugboro ugboro iji mepụta gravel ikpo ma ọ bụ ngọngọ. okwute okwute.
5. Usoro ngwakọta
1. High-nrụgide jet grouting usoro (elu-nrụgide rotary jet usoro) na-eji nnukwu nrụgide na-efesa ciment slurry si injection oghere site na pipeline, na-egbutu ozugbo na-ebibi ala mgbe agwakọta na ala na-egwu a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu na-anọchi anya ọrụ.Mgbe emechara nke ọma, ọ na-aghọ ahụ ngwakọta (kọlụm) agwakọta, nke na-eme ntọala ihe mejupụtara ya na ntọala.Enwere ike iji usoro a mepụta ihe eji echekwa ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi anya.
2. Usoro ngwakọta miri emi A na-ejikarị usoro ngwakọta miri emi mee ka ụrọ dị nro sie ike.Ọ na-eji ciment slurry na ciment (ma ọ bụ lime ntụ ntụ) dị ka isi ihe na-agwọ ọrịa, ma na-eji igwe na-agwakọta miri emi pụrụ iche zipu onye na-agwọ ọrịa n'ime ala ntọala ma mee ka ọ gwakọta ya na ala iji mepụta ciment (lime) ala ikpo. (ogidi) ahụ, nke na-emepụta ntọala mgbagwoju anya na ntọala mbụ.Njirimara anụ ahụ na nke arụrụ arụ nke ikpo ala ciment (ogidi) na-adabere n'usoro mmeghachi omume anụ ahụ-kemịkalụ n'etiti onye na-agwọ ọrịa na ala.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye na-agwọ ọrịa agbakwunyere, ngwakọta ịdị n'otu na ihe ndị dị na ala bụ isi ihe na-emetụta ihe onwunwe nke ciment ala ikpo (ogidi) na ọbụna ike na mkpakọ nke ntọala mejupụtara.Usoro ihe owuwu: ① Nkwadebe ② Nkwadebe Slurry ③ Slurry nnyefe ④ Drilling and spraying. agwakọta kwesịrị ugboro ugboro otu ugboro.⑨ Mgbe ikpochachara ikpo ahụ, hichaa ihe mgbochi ala ndị a fụchiri n'elu agụba agwakọta na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma bugharịa onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ahụ n'ọkwa ọzọ maka owuwu.
6. Usoro nkwado
(1) Geosynthetics Geosynthetics bụ ụdị ihe injinịa geotechnical ọhụrụ.Ọ na-eji polymers arụpụtara arụ ọrụ dịka plastik, kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, rọba sịntetịt, wdg dị ka ihe eji eme ụdị ngwaahịa dị iche iche, nke a na-etinye n'ime, n'elu ma ọ bụ n'etiti akwa ala iji wusie ma ọ bụ chebe ala.Enwere ike kewaa geotextiles ka ọ bụrụ geotextiles, geomembranes, geosynthetics pụrụ iche na geosynthetics mejupụtara.
(2) Teknụzụ mgbidi ntu ala na-edobe mbọ ntu ala site n'ịgba mmiri, ịtinye ogwe, na grouting, mana enwerekwa mbọ ala kpụrụ site n'ịkwọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, akụkụ nchara, na ọkpọkọ ígwè.Ntu ala na-akpakọrịta na ala gbara ya gburugburu n'ogologo ya dum.N'ịdabere na nkwụsi ike nkekọ na kọntaktị kọntaktị, ọ na-etolite ala jikọtara ya na ala gbara ya gburugburu.A na-edobe ntu ala n'ike n'ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ nrụrụ ala.A na-ewusi ala ahụ ike karịsịa site n'ọrụ ịkwa osisi ya.Ntu ala n'ozuzu na-etolite akụkụ ụfọdụ na ụgbọ elu ahụ, ya mere a na-akpọ ya nkwado siri ike.Ntu ala dabara adaba maka nkwado olulu ntọala na mkpọda mkpọda nke nju rọrọ arọ, ala ụrọ, na aja simenti na-adịghị ike karịa ọkwa mmiri ala ma ọ bụ mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.
(3) Ala gbasiri ike n'ime ala a na-emewanyewanye ike bụ iji lie nkwụsi ike siri ike n'ime oyi akwa ala, ma jiri esemokwu na-ebute site na nchụpụ nke irighiri ihe nke ala na nkwado na-etolite na ala na ihe nkwado, belata nrụrụ n'ozuzu ya ma welie nkwụsi ike n'ozuzu ya. .Nkwalite bụ nkwado kehoraizin.N'ozuzu, a na-eji eriri, ntupu, na ihe filamentary nwere ike nkwụsị siri ike, nnukwu esemokwu esemokwu na nguzogide corrosion, dị ka mpempe akwụkwọ ígwè galvanized;aluminum alloys, sịntetik ihe, wdg.
7. Gouting usoro
Jiri nrụgide ikuku, nrụgide hydraulic ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ electrochemical iji tinye ụfọdụ slurries siri ike n'ime ntọala ntọala ma ọ bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụlọ na ntọala.The grouting slurry nwere ike ịbụ ciment slurry, ciment ngwa agha, ụrọ ciment slurry, ụrọ slurry, wayo slurry dị iche iche chemical slurries dị ka polyurethane, lignin, silicate, wdg Dị ka nzube nke grouting, ọ nwere ike kewara n'ime mgbochi seepage grouting. , nkwụnye grouting, mkwado grouting na structural tilt mgbazi grouting.Dị ka grouting usoro, ọ nwere ike kewaa compaction grouting, infiltration grouting, kewara grouting na electrochemical grouting.Usoro grouting nwere ọtụtụ ngwa na nchekwa mmiri, ihe owuwu, okporo ụzọ na àkwà mmiri na mpaghara injinịa dị iche iche.
8. Ala ntọala ọjọọ nkịtị na njirimara ha
1. Ụrọ dị nro A na-akpọkwa ụrọ dị nro, nke bụ nbibi nke ala ụrọ na-adịghị ike.Ọ e hiwere na mbubreyo Quaternary oge na bụ nke viscous sediments ma ọ bụ osimiri alluvial nkwụnye ego nke mmiri na-adọ, ọdọ mmiri na-adọ, osimiri ndagwurugwu na-adọ, ọdọ na-adọ, mmiri na-eri na ndagwurugwu oge, delta frasi, wdg. Ọ na-akasị kesara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ebe, n'etiti etiti. na obere akụkụ nke osimiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri.Ala ụrọ na-adịghị ike na-adịkarị bụ silt na ala nkịtị.Ngwongwo anụ ahụ na arụ ọrụ nke ala dị nro na-agụnye akụkụ ndị a: (1) Njirimara anụ ahụ Ọdịnaya ụrọ dị elu, na ntinye aka plasticity Ip na-adịkarị karịa 17, nke bụ ala ụrọ.Ụrọ dị nro na-abụkarị isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị, nwere isi na-adịghị mma, nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma nwee nnukwu mmiri dị elu, n'ozuzu ya karịa 40%, ebe silt nwekwara ike karịa 80%.The porosity ratio bụ n'ozuzu 1.0-2.0, n'ime nke porosity ratio nke 1.0-1.5 na-akpọ silty ụrọ, na porosity ratio karịrị 1.5 na-akpọ silt.N'ihi nnukwu ụrọ nke ụrọ ya, mmiri dị elu na nnukwu porosity, ihe eji arụ ọrụ ya na-egosikwa njirimara kwekọrọ - ike dị ala, nnukwu mkpakọ, obere permeability na nnukwu uche.(2) Mechanical Njirimara Ike nke ụrọ dị nro dị oke ala, na ike na-adịghị ahụkebe na-abụkarị naanị 5-30 kPa, nke a na-egosipụta na uru dị ala dị ala nke ibu ibu, n'ozuzu ọ bụghị ihe karịrị 70 kPa, na ụfọdụ bụ ọbụna naanị. 20kp.Ụrọ dị nro, karịsịa silt, nwere mmetụta dị elu, nke bụkwa ihe ngosi dị mkpa nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na ụrọ n'ozuzu.Ụrọ dị nro na-agbakọ nke ọma.Ọnụọgụ mkpakọ karịrị 0.5 MPa-1, ma nwee ike iru kacha nke 45 MPa-1.Ndekọ mkpakọ bụ ihe dịka 0.35-0.75.N'ọnọdụ nkịtị, akwa ụrọ dị nro bụ nke ala ejikọtara nke ọma ma ọ bụ ala gbakọtara ntakịrị, mana ụfọdụ akwa ala, ọkachasị akwa akwa akwa akwa na nso nso a, nwere ike ịbụ nke ala na-enweghị ike.Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ntakịrị nke permeability bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke ụrọ dị nro, nke na-adịkarị n'etiti 10-5-10-8 cm / s.Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nke permeability dị ntakịrị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nchịkọta na-adị ngwa ngwa, nrụgide dị irè na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ, na nkwụsi ike nke mmezi na-adị nwayọọ, na ike ntọala na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ.Njirimara a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke na-amachibido usoro ọgwụgwọ ntọala na mmetụta ọgwụgwọ.(3) Njirimara injinia ntọala ụrọ dị nro nwere ikike ibu dị ala yana uto ike nwayọ;ọ dị mfe deform na enweghị isi mgbe loading;ọnụọgụ nrụrụ dị ukwuu na oge nkwụsi ike dị ogologo;o nwere àgwà nke ala permeability, thixotropy na elu rheology.Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ntọala ndị a na-ejikarị gụnyere usoro mbubata, ụzọ nnọchi, usoro ngwakọta, wdg.
2. Ndoju dị iche iche dị iche iche na-apụtakarị n'ebe obibi ochie yana mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ebe a na-egwupụta akụ.Ọ bụ ala ahịhịa hapụrụ ma ọ bụ kpokọtara site na ndụ mmadụ na mmepụta ihe.A na-ekewa ala ndị a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ụzọ atọ: ala ahịhịa na-ewu ụlọ, ala ahịhịa na ụlọ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta ala ahịhịa.Ụdị ala ahịhịa dị iche iche na ala ahịhịa a kpokọtara n'oge dị iche iche na-esiri ike iji ihe nrịbama ike jikọtara ọnụ, ihe nrịbama mkpakọ na ihe nrịbama ike.Isi njirimara nke njuputa dị iche iche bụ nchịkọta na-enweghị atụmatụ, ihe mgbagwoju anya, ihe dị iche iche, ọkpụrụkpụ na-enweghị isi na oge adịghị mma.Ya mere, otu saịtị ahụ na-egosi ọdịiche doro anya na mkpakọ na ike, nke dị nnọọ mfe ime ka mmezi na-enweghị isi, ma na-achọkarị ọgwụgwọ ntọala.
3. Jupụta ala Jupụta ala bụ ala nke edobere site na ndochi hydraulic.N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmepe mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mweghachi nke idei mmiri.Ihe mgbochi mmiri na-ada ada (nke a na-akpọkwa fill dam) nke a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ bụ mmiri nke ejiri ala jupụtara na ya rụọ.Enwere ike iwere ntọala ntọala site na ala jupụtara dị ka ụdị ntọala okike.Ngwongwo injinia ya na-adabere na njirimara nke ala jupụtara.Jupụta ntọala ala n'ozuzu nwere njirimara dị mkpa ndị a.(1) The urughuru sedimentation doro anya ota.N'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata apịtị ahụ, a na-ebu ụzọ debe ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe.Apụ na mbata apịtị, irighiri ihe ndị ahụ echekwara ga-aka mma.N'otu oge ahụ, e nwere stratification doro anya na ntụziaka miri emi.(2) Ọdịnaya mmiri nke ala jupụtara dị oke elu, n'ozuzu karịa oke mmiri mmiri, ọ nọkwa na steeti na-asọpụta.Mgbe ndochi ahụ kwụsịrị, elu na-emekarị ka ọ gbawaa mgbe ikuku anụ ahụ gasịrị, na mmiri na-ebelata nke ukwuu.Otú ọ dị, ala jupụtara n'ime ala ka nọ n'ọnọdụ na-asọ asọ mgbe ọnọdụ mmiri na-adịghị mma.Ka mma ahụ na-ejupụta n'ala ahụ, ka ihe a na-apụta ìhè karị.(3) Ike mmalite nke ntọala ala njuputa dị oke ala yana mkpakọ dị oke elu.Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala jupụtara na ya nọ n'ọnọdụ enweghị ike.Ntọala azụ azụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ rute n'ọnọdụ nkwado nkịtị ka oge kwụ ọtọ na-abawanye.Ya engineering Njirimara na-adabere na urughuru mejupụtara, uniformity, drainage consolidation ọnọdụ na static oge mgbe backfilling.
4. Saturated rụrụ ájá ájá ájá silt ájá ma ọ bụ ezigbo ájá ntọala na-enwekarị ike dị elu n'okpuru ibu static.Otú ọ dị, mgbe ibu ịma jijiji (ala ọma jijiji, n'ibu ịma jijiji, wdg) na-eme ihe, saturated saturated peat ground foundation nwere ike ịgbanye ma ọ bụ nwee nnukwu nrụrụ ịma jijiji, ma ọ bụ ọbụna tụfuo ike ibu ya.Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala ahụ na-loosely ndokwa na ọnọdụ nke ahụ bụ dislocated n'okpuru edinam nke mpụga ike ike nweta a ọhụrụ itule, nke ozugbo site a elu ngafe pore mmiri mgbali na irè nchegbu mbelata ngwa ngwa.Ebumnuche nke ịgwọ ntọala a bụ ime ka ọ dịkwuo kọmpat ma wepụ ohere nke ịṅụ mmanya n'okpuru ibu dị ike.Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere usoro extrusion, usoro vibroflotation, wdg.
5. Collapsible loess Ala nke na-enweta nrụrụ dị ịrịba ama ọzọ n'ihi mbibi nhazi nke ala mgbe imikpu n'okpuru nrụgide nke onwe ya nke oyi akwa oyi akwa, ma ọ bụ n'okpuru nchikota nke nrụgide onwe ya na nrụgide ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọ collapsible. ala, nke bụ nke ala pụrụ iche.Ụfọdụ ala jupụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche nwekwara ike ịda.Loess na-ekesa na Northeast obodo m, Northwest China, Central China na akụkụ nke East China na-enwekarị ike ịdaba.(The loess a kpọtụrụ aha ebe a na-ezo aka na loess na loess-dị ka ala. Collapsible loess na-ekewa n'ime onwe-weight collapsible loess na-abụghị onwe arọ collapsible loess, na ụfọdụ ochie loess bụ adịghị ada ada).Mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ injinia na ntọala loess nke nwere ike ịdaba, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ihe nwere ike imerụ ọrụ ahụ site na mmezi ọzọ kpatara ọdịda ntọala, wee họrọ usoro ọgwụgwọ ntọala kwesịrị ekwesị iji zere ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọdịda nke ntọala ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ kpatara. obere ego nke ọdịda.
6. Ala sara mbara Akụkụ ịnweta nke ala sara mbara bụ montmorillonite, nke nwere hydrophilicity siri ike.Ọ na-agbasa na olu mgbe ọ na-amịkọrọ mmiri ma na-agbada na olu mgbe mmiri na-efunahụ.Mgbasawanye na nrụrụ a na-enwekarị nnukwu nnukwu ma nwee ike imebi ụlọ n'ụzọ dị mfe.A na-ekesa ala sara mbara na obodo m, dị ka Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu na ebe ndị ọzọ, nwere nkesa dị iche iche.Ala sara mbara bụ ụdị ala pụrụ iche.Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ntọala a na-ahụkarị gụnyere ngbanwe ala, imeziwanye ala, imiriri tupu ya eruo, na usoro injinịa iji gbochie mgbanwe n'ime mmiri nke ala ntọala.
7. Ala ahịhịa na ala peat Mgbe ala nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, a ga-emepụta ala dị iche iche.Mgbe ihe ndị dị n'ime ya gafere ụfọdụ ọdịnaya, a ga-emepụta ala peat.Ọ nwere akụrụngwa injinia dị iche iche.Ihe dị elu nke ihe ndị dị na organic, ka mmetụta dị na àgwà ala dị elu, nke a na-egosipụtakarị na ike dị ala na nnukwu mkpakọ.Ọ na-enwekwa mmetụta dị iche iche na ntinye nke ihe injinia dị iche iche, nke nwere mmetụta dị njọ na ụlọ ọrụ injinịa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ntọala.
8. Ugwu ntọala ala The geological ọnọdụ nke ugwu ntọala ala dịtụ mgbagwoju, tumadi pụtara na unevenness nke ntọala na nkwụsi ike nke saịtị.N'ihi mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnọdụ nhazi nke ala ntọala ahụ, enwere ike inwe nnukwu nkume dị na saịtị ahụ, na gburugburu ebe ahụ nwekwara ike inwe ihe ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka nrịgo ala, apịtị, na mkpọda dara.Ha ga-ebute ụlọ egwu ozugbo ma ọ bụ ihe egwu.Mgbe ị na-ewu ụlọ n'elu ntọala ugwu, ekwesịrị itinye nlebara anya pụrụ iche maka ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke geological, na ntọala kwesịrị ka a gwọọ ya mgbe ọ dị mkpa.
9. Karst na mpaghara karst, a na-enwekarị ọgba ma ọ bụ ọgba ụwa, karst gullies, crevices karst, ịda mbà n'obi, wdg. Ha na-etolite ma na-etolite site na mbuze ma ọ bụ nbibi nke mmiri dị n'ime ala.Ha na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe owuwu ma na-enwekarị nrụrụ na-enweghị isi, ọdịda na subsidence nke ntọala.Ya mere, a ghaghị ime ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa tupu ihe owuwu ụlọ.
Oge nzipu: Jun-17-2024