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中文1. Njira yosinthira
(1) Njira yosinthira ndiyo kuchotsa dothi losauka la maziko, ndikubwezeretsanso dothi lokhala ndi mphamvu zophatikizika bwino kuti zipangike kapena kupondaponda kuti apange wosanjikiza wabwino. Izi zidzasintha mphamvu yobereka ya maziko ndikuwongolera mphamvu zake zotsutsana ndi deformation ndi kukhazikika.
Zomangamanga: kukumba wosanjikiza dothi kuti atembenuke ndi kulabadira kukhazikika kwa dzenje m'mphepete; kuonetsetsa ubwino wa filler; filler iyenera kuphatikizidwa mu zigawo.
(2) Njira yosinthira vibro imagwiritsa ntchito makina apadera osinthira vibro kuti agwedezeke ndikugwedezeka pansi pa jeti zamadzi zothamanga kwambiri kuti apange mabowo pamaziko, ndikudzaza mabowowo ndi zophatikiza zolimba monga mwala wophwanyidwa kapena timiyala kuti tipange. thupi la mulu. Thupi la mulu ndi nthaka yoyambira maziko imapanga maziko ophatikizika kuti akwaniritse cholinga chokulitsa mphamvu yonyamula maziko ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika. Njira zodzitetezera: Mphamvu yonyamula ndi kukhazikika kwa mulu wa miyala yophwanyidwa zimadalira kwambiri kutsekeka kwa nthaka yoyambira maziko ake. Kufooketsa kukakamiza, kumapangitsanso kuti mulu wa miyala yophwanyidwa ukhale woipa kwambiri. Choncho, njirayi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maziko ofewa a dongo ndi mphamvu zochepa kwambiri.
(3) Njira yosinthira (kufinya) imagwiritsa ntchito mipope yomira kapena nyundo zoyikapo mipope (nyundo) m'nthaka, kuti dothi likufinyidwa m'mbali, ndi miyala kapena mchenga ndi zodzaza zina zimayikidwa mutoliro (kapena ramming). dzenje). Thupi la mulu ndi nthaka yoyambira maziko imapanga maziko ophatikizana. Chifukwa cha kufinya ndi ramming, nthaka imakanikizidwa mozungulira, nthaka imakwera, ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa madzi a pore kumawonjezeka. Kuthamanga kwa madzi owonjezera a pore kukatha, mphamvu ya nthaka imawonjezekanso. Njira zodzitetezera pomanga: Chodzaziracho chikakhala mchenga ndi miyala yokhala ndi mpweya wabwino, ndi njira yabwino yolowera.
2. Njira yoyikiratu
(1) Kutsegula njira yopatsiratu Musanayambe kumanga nyumba, njira yolozera kwakanthawi (mchenga, miyala, nthaka, zomangira zina, katundu, ndi zina zotero) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika katundu ku maziko, kupereka nthawi yodzaza kale. Maziko atatha kupanikizidwa kuti amalize kwambiri kukhazikikako komanso mphamvu yonyamula ya mazikoyo imapangidwa bwino, katunduyo amachotsedwa ndipo nyumbayo imamangidwa. Ntchito yomanga ndi mfundo zazikulu: a. Katundu wolowetsedwa ayenera kukhala wofanana kapena wokulirapo kuposa kapangidwe kake; b. Pakukweza malo akuluakulu, galimoto yotayira ndi bulldozer ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mophatikizana, ndipo gawo loyamba la kukweza pamaziko a nthaka yofewa kwambiri likhoza kuchitidwa ndi makina opepuka kapena ntchito yamanja; c. M'lifupi mwake mwapang'onopang'ono kuyenera kukhala kocheperako kuposa m'lifupi mwake mwa nyumbayo, ndipo pansi payenera kukulitsidwa moyenerera; d. Katundu wochita pa mazikowo sayenera kupitirira katundu womaliza wa mazikowo.
(2) Njira yotseguliranso vacuum Chosanjikiza cha mchenga chimayikidwa pamwamba pa maziko adongo ofewa, ophimbidwa ndi geomembrane ndikumata mozungulira. Pampu ya vacuum imagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa mchenga kuti apange kupanikizika koyipa pamaziko pansi pa nembanemba. Pamene mpweya ndi madzi mu maziko amachotsedwa, nthaka ya maziko imaphatikizidwa. Pofuna kufulumizitsa kugwirizanitsa, zitsime za mchenga kapena matabwa a pulasitiki angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndiye kuti, zitsime zamchenga kapena matabwa a ngalande zimatha kubowoleredwa musanayike mchenga wamchenga wosanjikiza ndi geomembrane kuti mufupikitse mtunda wa ngalande. Zomangamanga: choyamba khazikitsani ngalande yoyima, mipope yogawa mopingasa iyenera kukwiriridwa m'mizere kapena mawonekedwe a fishbone, ndipo nembanemba yosindikizira pansanjika yamchenga iyenera kukhala zigawo 2-3 za filimu ya polyvinyl chloride, yomwe iyenera kuyikidwa nthawi imodzi. motsatizana. Deralo likakhala lalikulu, ndi bwino kuyikanso m'malo osiyanasiyana; kuyang'ana pa digiri ya vacuum, kukhazikika pansi, kukhazikika kwakuya, kusamuka kopingasa, ndi zina zotero; mutatha kudzaza, mchenga ndi humus wosanjikiza ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa ku zotsatira za chilengedwe chozungulira.
(3) Njira yothira madzi Kutsitsa madzi apansi panthaka kungachepetse kuthamanga kwa madzi a pore a maziko ndikuwonjezera kupsinjika kwa nthaka yokulirapo, kuti kupsinjika kogwira mtima kumachulukirachulukira, potero kutsitsa maziko. Izi kwenikweni ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga preloading ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa madzi apansi ndi kudalira kudziletsa kulemera kwa maziko nthaka. Malo omangira: nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zitsime zopepuka, zitsime za jeti kapena zitsime zakuya; pamene nthaka wosanjikiza ali zimalimbikitsa dongo, silt, silt ndi dongo silty, m'pofunika kuphatikiza maelekitirodi.
(4) Njira ya Electroosmosis: ikani maelekitirodi azitsulo mu maziko ndikudutsa panopa. Pansi pa ntchito ya magetsi omwe akuwongolera, madzi m'nthaka amayenda kuchokera ku anode kupita ku cathode kupanga electroosmosis. Musalole kuti madzi abwerezedwe pa anode ndikugwiritsa ntchito vacuum kupopera madzi kuchokera pachitsime pa cathode, kuti madzi apansi achepe komanso kuti madzi a m'nthaka achepe. Chotsatira chake, mazikowo amaphatikizidwa ndi kuphatikizika, ndipo mphamvuyo imakhala yabwino. Njira ya electroosmosis itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito molumikizana ndi kutsitsa kuti ipititse patsogolo kuphatikiza kwa maziko adongo odzaza.
3. compaction ndi tamping njira
1. Njira yophatikizira pamwamba imagwiritsa ntchito makina opondera, osapatsa mphamvu pang'ono, makina ogudubuza kapena kunjenjemera kuti atseke nthaka yotayirira. Ikhozanso kugwirizanitsa dothi lodzaza ndi wosanjikiza. Madzi a m'nthaka akakhala ochuluka kapena madzi odzaza nthakayo ndi ochuluka, laimu ndi simenti zikhoza kuikidwa m'magulu kuti agwirizane kuti nthaka ikhale yolimba.
2. Heavy nyundo tamping njira Heavy nyundo tamping ndi ntchito yaikulu tamping mphamvu kwaiye ndi kugwa kwaulere kwa nyundo katundu kuti agwirizane maziko osaya, kotero kuti ndi yunifolomu wolimba chipolopolo wosanjikiza aumbike pamwamba, ndi makulidwe ena a wosanjikiza wobala akupezeka. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomanga: Musanamangidwe, kuyesa kuyesedwa kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti mudziwe zofunikira zaukadaulo, monga kulemera kwa nyundo yokhotakhota, m'mimba mwake ndi mtunda wotsikira, kuchuluka kwa kumira komaliza ndi kuchuluka kofananira kwa nthawi zopukutira ndi kuchuluka. kuchuluka kwa madzi; kukwera kwa pansi pa poyambira ndi dzenje musanapondereze kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa kukwera kwa mapangidwe; chinyontho cha nthaka ya maziko chiyenera kuyendetsedwa mkati mwa chinyontho choyenera panthawi ya tamping; kuthamangitsa m'dera lalikulu kuyenera kuchitidwa motsatizana; kuya koyamba ndi kuzama pambuyo pake pamene kukwera kwapansi kuli kosiyana; pomanga m'nyengo yozizira, nthaka ikazizira, dothi lozizira liyenera kukumbidwa kapena dothi liyenera kusungunuka ndi kutentha; Mukamaliza, dothi lapamwamba lomasulidwa lichotsedwe pakapita nthawi kapena dothi loyandama liziponderezedwa kuti lifike pamalo okwera pamtunda wa pafupifupi 1m.
3. Kuthamanga kwamphamvu ndi chidule cha tamping yamphamvu. Nyundo yolemera imagwetsedwa momasuka kuchokera pamalo okwera, kuchititsa mphamvu yamphamvu pa maziko, ndikupondereza pansi mobwerezabwereza. Mapangidwe a tinthu m'nthaka ya maziko amasinthidwa, ndipo nthaka imakhala wandiweyani, zomwe zimatha kusintha kwambiri mphamvu ya maziko ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika. Ntchito yomangayi ili motere: 1) Kuwongolera malo; 2) Ikani khushoni la miyala yamtengo wapatali; 3) Khazikitsani zibowo za miyala ndi kuphatikizika kosunthika; 4) Mulingo ndikudzaza wosanjikiza wa miyala yamchere; 5) Kwathunthu yaying'ono kamodzi; 6) Mulingo ndikuyala geotextile; 7) Bwezeraninso thaulo la slag ndikulipiritsa kasanu ndi katatu ndi chogudubuza chogwedeza. Nthawi zambiri, musanayambe kuphatikizika kwakukulu, kuyezetsa koyenera kumayenera kuchitidwa pamalo osapitilira 400m2 kuti mupeze deta ndi kalozera wamapangidwe ndi zomangamanga.
4. Njira yophatikizira
1. Njira yogwedeza yogwedezeka imagwiritsa ntchito kugwedezeka kopingasa kobwerezabwereza komanso kugwedeza kozungulira komwe kumapangidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera chogwedeza kuti pang'onopang'ono chiwononge dongosolo la nthaka ndikuwonjezera mofulumira kuthamanga kwa madzi a pore. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake, tinthu tating'onoting'ono titha kusuntha kupita kumalo otsika kwambiri, kotero kuti dothi limasintha kuchoka ku lotayirira kupita ku wandiweyani.
Ntchito yomanga: (1) Kwezani malo omangapo ndi kukonza milu ya milu; (2) Galimoto yomangayo ili m'malo ndipo vibrator ikuyang'ana pa malo a mulu; (3) Yambitsani vibrator ndikuyisiya pang'onopang'ono mu nthaka yosanjikiza mpaka 30 mpaka 50 cm pamwamba pa kuya kwa kulimbikitsa, lembani mtengo wamakono ndi nthawi ya vibrator pa kuya kulikonse, ndikukweza vibrator pakamwa pa dzenje. Bwerezani masitepe omwe ali pamwambawa 1 mpaka 2 kuti matope omwe ali pabowo akhale ochepa. (4) Thirani gulu la zodzaza mu dzenje, tsitsani vibrator muzodzaza kuti muphatikize ndikukulitsa mulu wake. Bwerezani sitepe iyi mpaka pano pa kuya kufika pa compacting panopa, ndi kulemba kuchuluka kwa filler. (5) Kwezani vibrator kunja kwa dzenje ndikupitiriza kumanga gawo lapamwamba la mulu mpaka thupi lonse la mulu lidzagwedezeka, ndiyeno sunthani vibrator ndi zipangizo kumalo ena a mulu. (6) Panthawi yopanga mulu, gawo lililonse la thupi la mulu liyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za compaction panopa, kuchuluka kwa kudzaza ndi nthawi yosungirako kugwedezeka. Zofunikira zoyambira ziyenera kuzindikirika poyesa kupanga milu pamalopo. (7) Dongosolo la ngalande za matope likhazikitsidwe pasadakhale pamalo omangapo kuti liwunikire matope ndi madzi opangidwa popanga milu kukhala thanki ya matope. Matope okhuthala pansi pa thanki amatha kukumbidwa pafupipafupi ndikutumizidwa kumalo osungira omwe adakonzedwa kale. Madzi owoneka bwino omwe ali pamwamba pa thanki ya sedimentation atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. (8) Pomaliza, mulu wa mulu wokhala ndi makulidwe a mita 1 pamwamba pa muluwo uyenera kukumbidwa, kapena kuphatikizika ndi kuphatikizika ndi kugubuduza, kupondereza mwamphamvu (kupitilira-tamping), ndi zina zotere. ndi chophatikizika.
2. Milu ya miyala ya mipope (milu ya miyala, milu ya nthaka ya laimu, milu ya OG, milu yocheperako, ndi zina zotero) gwiritsani ntchito makina omiza milu ya mipope kunyundo, kunjenjemera, kapena kukakamiza mapaipi pamaziko kuti apange mabowo, kenako ikani. zipangizo mu mapaipi, ndi kukweza (kunjenjemera) mapaipi pamene kuika zipangizo mwa iwo kupanga wandiweyani mulu thupi, amene amapanga gulu maziko ndi maziko oyambirira.
3. Milu ya miyala ya rammed (zibowo za miyala ya block) amagwiritsa ntchito nyundo yolemera kwambiri kapena njira zamphamvu zopondereza miyala kuti ikhale pamaziko, pang'onopang'ono mudzaze miyala (mwala wa block) mu dzenje, ndikugwedeza mobwerezabwereza kupanga milu ya miyala kapena chipika. zibowo za miyala.
5. Njira yosakaniza
1. Njira yopangira jeti yothamanga kwambiri (njira ya jet yothamanga kwambiri) imagwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri kupopera dothi la simenti kuchokera pabowo la jakisoni kudzera papaipi, kudula mwachindunji ndikuwononga dothi kwinaku mukusakaniza ndi dothi ndikusewera pang'ono. Pambuyo pa kulimbitsa, kumakhala mulu wosakanikirana (gawo) thupi, lomwe limapanga maziko ophatikizika pamodzi ndi maziko. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupanga chosungirako chosungira kapena chotsutsa-seepage.
2. Njira yosanganikirana mwakuya Njira yosakaniza yozama imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kulimbikitsa dongo lofewa lodzaza. Amagwiritsa ntchito matope a simenti ndi simenti (kapena ufa wa laimu) monga chochiritsira chachikulu, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito makina apadera osakaniza ozama kuti atumize mankhwala ochiritsira mu nthaka ya maziko ndikuukakamiza kusakaniza ndi nthaka kuti apange mulu wa nthaka ya simenti (laimu). (gawo) thupi, lomwe limapanga maziko ophatikizika okhala ndi maziko oyamba. Zomwe zimapangidwira komanso zimapangidwira za milu ya dothi la simenti (mizere) zimadalira kaphatikizidwe kake kake pakati pa mankhwala ochiritsa ndi nthaka. Kuchuluka kwa wochiritsa wothandizila anawonjezera, ndi kusakaniza yunifolomu ndi katundu wa nthaka ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu zimakhudza katundu wa simenti dothi milu (mizati) ndipo ngakhale mphamvu ndi compressibility wa gulu maziko. Ntchito yomanga: ① Kuyika ② Kukonzekera kosalala ③ Kutulutsa kosalala ④ Kubowola ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ⑤ Kukweza ndi kusakaniza kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ⑥ Kubowola mobwerezabwereza ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ⑦ Kukweza mobwerezabwereza ndi kusakaniza ⑧ Pamene kubowola ndi kukweza liwiro la shaft yosakaniza/5m6-10m6. kusakaniza kuyenera kubwerezedwa kamodzi. ⑨ Mukamaliza mulu, yeretsani dothi lokulungidwa pazitsulo zosakaniza ndi popoperapo mankhwala, ndikusuntha woyendetsa mulu kupita kumalo ena omanga.
6. Njira yolimbikitsira
(1) Geosynthetics Geosynthetics ndi mtundu watsopano wa zinthu zaukadaulo za geotechnical. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma polima opangidwa mwaluso monga mapulasitiki, ulusi wamankhwala, mphira wopangira, etc. monga zida zopangira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu, zomwe zimayikidwa mkati, pamtunda kapena pakati pa zigawo za dothi kuti zilimbikitse kapena kuteteza nthaka. Ma geosynthetics amatha kugawidwa mu geotextiles, geomembranes, geosynthetics yapadera ndi ma geosynthetics ophatikizika.
(2) Ukadaulo wapakhoma la dothi Misomali ya dothi nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pobowola, kuyika mipiringidzo, ndi kugwetsa, koma palinso misomali yadothi yomwe imapangidwa ndi zitsulo zokhuthala, zigawo zachitsulo, ndi mapaipi achitsulo. Msomali wa nthaka umakhudzana ndi nthaka yozungulira kutalika kwake konse. Kudalira kusagwirizana kwa friction ya bond pa mawonekedwe okhudzana, imapanga dothi lophatikizana ndi nthaka yozungulira. Nthaka msomali ndi chabe pansi kukakamiza pansi chikhalidwe mapindikidwe nthaka. Nthaka imalimbikitsidwa makamaka ndi ntchito yake yometa. Msomali wa nthaka nthawi zambiri umapanga ngodya ina ndi ndege, choncho imatchedwa oblique reinforcement. Misomali ya dothi ndiyoyenera kuchirikiza dzenje la maziko ndi kulimbikitsanso mtunda wa madzi opangira, dothi ladongo, ndi mchenga wosakanizidwa wofooka pamwamba pa madzi apansi panthaka kapena mvula ikagwa.
(3) Kulimbitsa nthaka Kulimbitsa nthaka ndi kukwirira kulimbikitsana kwamphamvu mu nthaka yosanjikiza, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukangana komwe kumapangidwa ndi kusamuka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikulimbitsa kuti apange lonse ndi dothi ndi zida zolimbikitsira, kuchepetsa mapindikidwe onse ndikuwonjezera bata lonse. . Kulimbitsa ndi kulimbitsa kopingasa. Nthawi zambiri, ma strip, ma mesh, ndi filamentary zida zokhala ndi mphamvu zolimba zolimba, kugundana kwakukulu komanso kukana dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga mapepala achitsulo; zitsulo zotayidwa, zopangira zopangira, etc.
7. Njira ya grouting
Gwiritsani ntchito kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kuthamanga kwa ma hydraulic kapena mfundo za electrochemical kuti mulowetse ma slurry olimba mkatikati mwa maziko kapena kusiyana pakati pa nyumbayo ndi maziko. The grouting slurry akhoza kukhala simenti slurry, simenti matope, dongo simenti slurry, dongo slurry, laimu slurry ndi zosiyanasiyana mankhwala slurries monga polyurethane, lignin, silicate, etc. Malinga ndi cholinga grouting, akhoza kugawidwa mu odana seepage grouting , plugging grouting, reinforcement grouting ndi structural tilt kukonza grouting. Malinga ndi njira ya grouting, imatha kugawidwa kukhala compaction grouting, infiltration grouting, splitting grouting ndi electrochemical grouting. Njira yopangira ma grouting imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri pakusungira madzi, zomangamanga, misewu ndi milatho ndi magawo osiyanasiyana aukadaulo.
8. Dothi la maziko oyipa wamba ndi makhalidwe awo
1. Dongo lofewa Dongo lofewa limatchedwanso dothi lofewa, lomwe ndi chidule cha dothi lofooka. Inapangidwa kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Quaternary ndipo ndi ya matope a viscous kapena mtsinje wa alluvial wa gawo la nyanja, gawo la lagoon, gawo lachigwa cha mtsinje, gawo la nyanja, gawo lachigwa, gawo la delta, ndi zina zotero. ndi kumunsi kwa mitsinje kapena pafupi ndi nyanja. Dothi ladongo lofooka lodziwika bwino ndi dothi la silt ndi dothi. Zomwe zimapangidwira komanso makina a nthaka yofewa zimaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi: (1) Zochita zakuthupi Zomwe zimakhala ndi dongo ndipamwamba, ndipo ndondomeko ya plasticity Ip nthawi zambiri imakhala yaikulu kuposa 17, yomwe ndi dothi ladongo. Dongo lofewa nthawi zambiri limakhala lotuwa kwambiri, lobiriwira kwambiri, limakhala ndi fungo loipa, lili ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo lili ndi madzi ambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala oposa 40%, pomwe silt imathanso kukhala yayikulu kuposa 80%. Chiŵerengero cha porosity nthawi zambiri chimakhala 1.0-2.0, chomwe chiŵerengero cha porosity cha 1.0-1.5 chimatchedwa dongo la silty, ndipo chiŵerengero cha porosity choposa 1.5 chimatchedwa silt. Chifukwa cha dongo lapamwamba la dongo, kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi porosity yaikulu, mawonekedwe ake amakina amasonyezanso makhalidwe ofanana - mphamvu zochepa, kupanikizika kwakukulu, kutsika kochepa komanso kukhudzidwa kwakukulu. (2) Mphamvu zamakina Mphamvu ya dongo lofewa ndi yotsika kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu yosasunthika nthawi zambiri imakhala 5-30 kPa yokha, yomwe imawonetsedwa pamtengo wotsika kwambiri wonyamula mphamvu, nthawi zambiri osapitilira 70 kPa, ndipo ena amakhala okha. 20 kpa. Dongo lofewa, makamaka silt, lili ndi chidwi chachikulu, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chomwe chimasiyanitsa ndi dongo wamba. Dongo lofewa ndi lokhazikika kwambiri. Coefficient ya compression ndi yayikulu kuposa 0.5 MPa-1, ndipo imatha kufikira 45 MPa-1. Compress index ndi pafupifupi 0.35-0.75. Nthawi yabwinobwino, zigawo zadothi lofewa zimakhala za dothi lokhazikika bwino kapena dothi lokhazikika pang'ono, koma zigawo zina za dothi, makamaka zomwe zasungidwa posachedwa, zitha kukhala za dothi losakhazikika. Dongo lofewa ndilochepa kwambiri, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala pakati pa 10-5-10-8 cm / s. Ngati coefficient permeability ndi yaying'ono, kuphatikizikako kumachepa kwambiri, kupsinjika kogwira mtima kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kukhazikika kwakhazikika kumachepa, ndipo mphamvu ya maziko imakula pang'onopang'ono. Khalidweli ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe limaletsa kwambiri njira yochizira maziko ndi zotsatira za chithandizo. (3) Makhalidwe aumisiri Maziko adongo ofewa amakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kukula kwamphamvu pang'onopang'ono; ndikosavuta kupunduka komanso kusagwirizana pambuyo potsitsa; mlingo wa deformation ndi waukulu ndipo nthawi yokhazikika ndi yaitali; ali ndi makhalidwe otsika permeability, thixotropy ndi mkulu rheology. Njira zochizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira zimaphatikizapo njira yojambulira, njira yosinthira, njira yosakanikirana, ndi zina.
2. Kudzaza kosiyanasiyana Kudzaza kosiyanasiyana kumawonekera m'malo akale okhala ndi mafakitale ndi migodi. Ndi dothi la zinyalala losiyidwa kapena kuunjika ndi moyo wa anthu ndi ntchito zolima. Dothi la zinyalalali nthawi zambiri limagawidwa m'magulu atatu: dothi lotayira zinyalala, dothi la zinyalala zapanyumba ndi dothi lotayira m'mafakitale. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dothi la zinyalala ndi dothi la zinyalala lowunjikidwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndizovuta kufotokoza ndi zizindikiro zamphamvu zogwirizanitsa, zizindikiro za kuponderezana ndi zizindikiro za permeability. Makhalidwe akuluakulu a kudzaza kosiyanasiyana ndi kudzikundikira kosakonzekera, kupangika kovutirapo, katundu wosiyanasiyana, makulidwe osagwirizana komanso kusakhazikika bwino. Choncho, malo omwewo amasonyeza kusiyana koonekeratu mu compressibility ndi mphamvu, amene n'zosavuta kwambiri kuchititsa mkangano kuthetsa, ndipo kawirikawiri amafuna maziko mankhwala.
3. Dzazani nthaka Dzazani nthaka ndi dothi loyikidwa ndi hydraulic filling. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso kukonzanso kwamadzi. Damu logwa madzi (lomwe limatchedwanso kuti fill dam) lomwe limapezeka kwambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi dziwe lomangidwa ndi dothi lodzaza. Maziko opangidwa ndi nthaka yodzaza amatha kuonedwa ngati maziko achilengedwe. Mapangidwe ake a uinjiniya makamaka amadalira zomwe zili munthaka yodzaza. Kudzaza nthaka maziko ambiri ali ndi zotsatirazi zofunika makhalidwe. (1) The particle sedimentation mwachiwonekere yosanjidwa. Pafupi ndi matope olowera, tinthu tambirimbiri timayikidwa poyamba. Kutali ndi matope polowera, ndi waikamo particles kukhala bwino. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali stratification yoonekera mu njira yakuya. (2) Madzi omwe ali munthaka yodzaza ndi okwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amakhala ochulukirapo kuposa malire amadzimadzi, ndipo amakhala oyenda. Kudzazidwa kutayimitsidwa, pamwamba nthawi zambiri imakhala yosweka pambuyo pa kutuluka kwachilengedwe, ndipo madzi amachepetsedwa kwambiri. Komabe, nthaka yodzaza m'munsiyi idakali yoyenda bwino pamene mikhalidwe ya ngalande ndi yoipa. Kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dothi, m'pamenenso zimawonekera kwambiri. (3) Mphamvu yoyambirira ya maziko a nthaka yodzaza ndi yotsika kwambiri ndipo kupanikizika kumakhala kwakukulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti dothi lodzaza lili mumkhalidwe wosakhazikika. Maziko a backfill pang'onopang'ono amafika pachimake chophatikizika pomwe nthawi yokhazikika ikuwonjezeka. Mapangidwe ake a uinjiniya amadalira mawonekedwe a tinthu, kufanana, kuphatikizika kwa ngalande ndi nthawi yokhazikika pambuyo pobwezeretsa.
4. Mchenga wa mchenga wotayirira kapena maziko a mchenga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pansi pa katundu wokhazikika. Komabe, pamene kugwedera katundu (chivomezi, makina kugwedera, etc.) amachita, ano zimalimbikitsa lotayirira mchenga nthaka maziko akhoza liquefy kapena kukumana ndi kuchuluka kwa kugwedera mapindikidwe, kapena kutaya kubereka mphamvu. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthaka imapangidwa mosavuta komanso malo omwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasokonekera pansi pa mphamvu yakunja kuti ikwaniritse zovuta zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kupanikizika kwambiri kumatsika mwachangu. Cholinga cha kuchitira maziko awa ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yaying'ono ndikuchotsa kuthekera kwa liquefaction pansi pa katundu wamphamvu. Njira zochizira zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo njira ya extrusion, njira ya vibroflotation, ndi zina.
5. Collapsible loess Dothi lomwe limawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa dothi pambuyo pa kumizidwa pansi pa kupsinjika kolemera kwa nthaka yosanjikiza kwambiri, kapena pansi pa kuphatikizika kwa kupsinjika maganizo ndi kupanikizika kowonjezera, kumatchedwa collapsible. nthaka, yomwe ili ya nthaka yapadera. Madothi ena odzaza osiyanasiyana amathanso kugwa. Zotayika zomwe zimagawidwa kwambiri kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa dziko langa, Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, Central China ndi madera ena a East China ndizowonongeka. (Nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa apa ikutanthauza dothi lotayirira komanso lotayirira. Collapsible loess amagawidwa m'zigawo zodzipima zodzipimira komanso zosadzilemera zokha, ndipo zotayika zina zakale sizimagwera). Mukamapanga uinjiniya pamaziko otayika otayika, ndikofunikira kuganizira zomwe zingawononge pulojekitiyi chifukwa cha kukhazikika kowonjezereka chifukwa cha kugwa kwa maziko, ndikusankha njira zoyenera zochizira maziko kuti mupewe kapena kuthetsa kugwa kwa maziko kapena zovulaza zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kugwa pang'ono.
6. Dothi lotambasuka Gawo la mchere la nthaka yotakasuka ndi montmorillonite, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu ya hydrophilicity. Imachulukira mu voliyumu ikatenga madzi ndipo imachepa mphamvu ikataya madzi. Kukulitsa ndi kupindika kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri ndipo kumatha kuwononga nyumba mosavuta. Nthaka yokulirapo imagawidwa kwambiri m'dziko langa, monga Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu ndi malo ena, ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Dothi lotambasuka ndi dothi lapadera. Njira zodziwika bwino zochizira maziko amaphatikiza kusintha nthaka, kukonza nthaka, kulowetsedwa kale, ndi njira zaumisiri kuti mupewe kusintha kwa chinyezi cha nthaka ya maziko.
7. Dothi lachilengedwe ndi peat Dothi likakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, dothi losiyanasiyana limapangidwa. Zinthu za organic zikapitilira zina, dothi la peat limapangidwa. Ili ndi zinthu zauinjiniya zosiyanasiyana. Kukwera kwa zinthu za organic kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imawonetseredwa ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso kupsinjika kwambiri. Zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakuphatikizidwa kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zaumisiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa pa zomangamanga mwachindunji kapena chithandizo cha maziko.
8. Dothi la maziko a mapiri Zochitika za nthaka za nthaka ya mapiri ndizovuta, makamaka zimawonetseredwa mu kusalingana kwa maziko ndi kukhazikika kwa malo. Chifukwa cha chikoka cha chilengedwe komanso momwe nthaka ya maziko ake imapangidwira, pakhoza kukhala miyala ikuluikulu pamalopo, komanso malo omwe malowa angakhalenso ndi zochitika zoyipa monga kugumuka kwa nthaka, kugumuka kwamatope, ndi kugwa kotsetsereka. Adzabweretsa chiwopsezo chachindunji kapena chotheka ku nyumba. Pomanga nyumba pamaziko a mapiri, chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa ku zochitika zachilengedwe za malo ndi zochitika za geological, ndipo mazikowo ayenera kuthandizidwa ngati kuli kofunikira.
9. Karst M'madera a karst, nthawi zambiri mumakhala mapanga kapena mapanga, mitsinje ya karst, ming'alu ya karst, madontho, ndi zina zotero. Amapangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi kukokoloka kapena pansi pa madzi apansi. Amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pamapangidwe ndipo amatha kusinthika mosiyanasiyana, kugwa ndi kutsika kwa maziko. Choncho, chithandizo choyenera chiyenera kuchitidwa musanamange nyumba.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-17-2024