Ikiganiro ku Ingorane no Kwirinda mu mazi yo mu mazi Ahantu-Kubaka Ikirundo

Ingorane zo kubaka

Bitewe n’umuvuduko wubwubatsi bwihuse, ubuziranenge buhamye kandi nta ngaruka nke ziterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hashyizweho urufatiro rw’ibirundo by’amazi mu mazi. Igikorwa cyibanze cyubwubatsi bwurufatiro rwikirundo: imiterere yubwubatsi, gushyiramo akazu, gusya ahacukurwa, gusiba umwobo wo hasi, gutera akabariro ka cage ballast, catheter ya kabiri yo kugumana, beto yo mumazi gusuka no gusiba umwobo, ikirundo. Bitewe nuburyo bugoye bwibintu bigira ingaruka kumiterere yisukwa rya beto yo mumazi, guhuza ubwubatsi bwubwubatsi akenshi biba ingingo igoye mugucunga ubuziranenge bwibishingwe byamazi arambiwe mumazi.

Ibibazo bikunze kugaragara mu iyubakwa rya beto yo mu mazi harimo: imyuka ikomeye n’amazi muri catheter, no kumena ibirundo. Beto, icyondo cyangwa capsule ikora urwego rudakomeye rufite intera ireremba, itera ikirundo kumeneka, bikagira ingaruka kumiterere ya beto bigatuma ikirundo gitereranwa kandi kigasubirwamo; uburebure bw'umuyoboro washyinguwe muri beto ni ndende cyane, ibyo bikaba byongera ubushyamirane buzengurutse bigatuma bidashoboka gukuramo umuyoboro, bikavamo ikintu cyo kumena ikirundo, bigatuma gusuka bitagenda neza, bigatuma beto hanze y'umuyoboro kugeza gutakaza amazi mugihe kandi bikangirika; gukora no gutemba kwa beto irimo umucanga muke nibindi bintu bishobora gutuma umuyoboro uhagarikwa, bikaviramo gucamo ibice. Iyo wongeye gusuka, umwanya wo gutandukana ntukemurwa mugihe, kandi interlayer ireremba izagaragara muri beto, bigatuma ikirundo kimeneka; kubera kwiyongera kwigihe cyo gutegereza, amazi ya beto imbere mu muyoboro aba mabi, kuburyo beto ivanze idashobora gusukwa mubisanzwe; isanduku n'ifatizo ntabwo ari byiza, bizatera amazi murukuta rw'igitereko, bigatuma ubutaka bukikije burohama kandi ubwiza bwikirundo ntibushobora kwizerwa; kubera impamvu zifatika za geologiya no gucukura nabi, birashoboka gutera urukuta rw'umwobo gusenyuka; kubera ikosa ryikizamini cyanyuma cyangwa umwobo ukomeye waguye mugihe cyibikorwa, imvura yakurikiye munsi yigitereko cyibyuma ni ndende cyane, cyangwa uburebure bwo gusuka ntabwo buhari, bikavamo ikirundo kirekire; kubera uburangare bw'abakozi cyangwa imikorere itari yo, umuyoboro wa acoustic detection ntushobora gukora bisanzwe, bigatuma ultrasonic itahura umusingi w'ikirundo ntishobora gukorwa mubisanzwe.

“Ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga beto kigomba kuba cyuzuye

1. Guhitamo sima

Mubihe bisanzwe. Byinshi muri sima ikoreshwa mubwubatsi rusange muri rusange ni sima isanzwe na silikate. Mubisanzwe, igihe cyambere cyo gushiraho ntigomba kuba mbere yamasaha abiri nigice, kandi imbaraga zacyo zigomba kuba hejuru ya dogere 42.5. Isima ikoreshwa mubwubatsi igomba gutsinda ikizamini cyumutungo wumubiri muri laboratoire kugira ngo ihuze ibisabwa n’ubwubatsi nyirizina, kandi umubare nyawo wa sima muri beto ntugomba kurenza ibiro 500 kuri metero kibe, kandi ugomba gukoreshwa neza ukurikije hamwe n'ibipimo byagenwe.

2. Guhitamo hamwe

Hano hari amahitamo abiri yukuri yo guteranya. Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwa agregate, bumwe ni amabuye ya kaburimbo ubundi ni amabuye yajanjaguwe. Mubikorwa nyabyo byo kubaka, amabuye ya kaburimbo agomba guhitamo bwa mbere. Ingano nyayo yubunini igomba kuba hagati ya 0.1667 na 0.125 yumuyoboro, naho intera ntoya kuva kumyuma yicyuma igomba kuba 0.25, kandi ingano yingingo igomba kwemezwa kuba muri mm 40. Ikigereranyo nyacyo cyo kugereranya igiteranyo kigomba kwemeza ko beto ifite imikorere myiza, kandi igiteranyo cyiza ni cyiza na kaburimbo. Birashoboka rwose ko umucanga uri muri beto ugomba kuba hagati ya 9/20 na 1/2. Umubare w'amazi n'ivu ugomba kuba hagati ya 1/2 na 3/5.

3. Kunoza imikorere

Kugirango wongere imikorere ya beto, Ntukongere izindi mvange kuri beto. Ibikoresho bifatika bikoreshwa mukubaka amazi yo mu mazi harimo kugabanya amazi, kurekura buhoro hamwe n’ibikoresho bikomeza amapfa. Niba ushaka kongeramo ibivanze kuri beto, ugomba gukora ubushakashatsi kugirango umenye ubwoko, umubare nuburyo bwo kongeramo.

Muri make, igipimo cyo kuvanga beto kigomba kuba kibereye mumazi yo kwisuka mumazi. Ikigereranyo cyo kuvanga beto kigomba kuba gikwiye kugirango kigire plastike ihagije hamwe nubusabane, amazi meza mumiyoboro mugihe cyo gusuka kandi ntabwo akunda gutandukana. Mubisanzwe, iyo imbaraga za beto zo mumazi ari nyinshi, kuramba kwa beto nabyo bizaba byiza. Duhereye rero ku mbaraga za sima Ubwiza bwa beto bugomba kugenzurwa harebwa urwego rufatika, igiteranyo cyuzuye cyumubare nyawo wa sima namazi, imikorere yinyongeramusaruro zinyuranye za doping, nibindi. hejuru kuruta imbaraga zagenewe. Igihe cyo kuvanga gifatika kigomba kuba gikwiye kandi kuvanga bigomba kuba bimwe. Niba kuvanga bitaringaniye cyangwa amazi yinjira mugihe cyo kuvanga no gutwara ibintu, amazi ya beto ni mabi kandi ntashobora gukoreshwa.

“Banza usuke umubare wibisabwa

Ubwinshi bwo gusuka bwa beto bugomba kwemeza ko ubujyakuzimu bwumuyoboro washyinguwe muri beto nyuma yo gusukwa bitarenze 1.0m, kugirango inkingi ya beto mumuyoboro hamwe numuvuduko wibyondo hanze yumuyoboro uringaniye. Ubwinshi bwo gusuka bwa beto bugomba kugenwa kubara ukurikije formula ikurikira.

V = π / 4 （d 2h1 + kD 2h2）

Aho V niyambere ya beto isuka ingano, m3;

h1 nuburebure bukenewe kugirango inkingi ya beto mumuyoboro iringaniza umuvuduko nicyondo hanze yumuyoboro:

h1 = （h-h2） γw / γc, m;

h ni ubujyakuzimu, m;

h2 nuburebure bwubuso bwa beto hanze yumuyoboro nyuma yo gusuka bwa mbere beto, ni 1,3 ～ 1.8m;

γw ni ubwinshi bwibyondo, ni 11 ～ 12kN / m3;

γc nubucucike bwa beto, ni 23 ～ 24kN / m3;

d ni diameter y'imbere y'umuyoboro, m;

D ni umwobo w'ikirundo cya diameter, m;

k ni coefficient yuzuye yuzuye, ni k = 1.1 ～ 1.3.

Ingano yambere yo gusuka ningirakamaro cyane kubwiza bwa cast-in-pile. Ubwinshi bwambere bwo gusuka ntibushobora gusa kubaka neza, ariko kandi byemeza ko ubujyakuzimu bwumuyoboro wa beto washyinguwe bujuje ibisabwa nyuma ya feri yuzuye. Muri icyo gihe, gusuka kwambere birashobora kunoza neza ubushobozi bwo gutwara urufatiro rwikirundo usukuye imyanda munsi yumwobo, bityo ubwambere bwo gusuka bugomba gusabwa cyane.

“Gusuka umuvuduko

Ubwa mbere, usesengure uburyo bwo guhindura imbaraga z'umubiri wikirundo imbaraga zo kwanduza ubutaka. Ikirundo-cyubutaka bwikirundo kirambiranye gitangira kuboneka mugihe isuka yumubiri wikirundo. Icyambere cyasutswe beto gahoro gahoro gahoro, kigahagarikwa, kandi kigatuzwa nigitutu cya beto nyuma yasutswe. Uku kwimuka ugereranije nubutaka birashobora kwihanganira kuzamuka hejuru yubutaka bukikije, kandi uburemere bwumubiri wikirundo buhoro buhoro bwimurirwa mubutaka binyuze muri ubwo buryo bwo guhangana. Kubirundo hamwe no gusuka byihuse, mugihe beto yose isutswe, nubwo beto itarashyirwaho muburyo bwa mbere, ikomeza kwibasirwa no guhuzagurika mugihe cyo gusuka kandi ikinjira mubutaka bukikije. Muri iki gihe, beto itandukanye n’amazi asanzwe, kandi gufatira ku butaka no kurwanya ubwonko bwayo bwashizeho imbaraga zo guhangana; mugihe kubirundo hamwe no gusuka gahoro, kubera ko beto yegereye igenamigambi ryambere, guhangana hagati yacyo nurukuta rwubutaka bizaba byinshi.

Umubare wuburemere bwibirundo birambiranye byimuriwe mubutaka bukikije bifitanye isano itaziguye n'umuvuduko wo gusuka. Umuvuduko mwinshi wo gusuka, niko igipimo cyuburemere cyimuriwe mubutaka bukikije ikirundo; gahoro gahoro gusuka, nini nini yuburemere bwimuriwe mubutaka bukikije ikirundo. Kubwibyo, kongera umuvuduko wo gusuka ntabwo bigira uruhare runini mukwemeza ubutinganyi bwa beto yumubiri wikirundo, ahubwo binemerera uburemere bwumubiri wikirundo kubikwa cyane munsi yikirundo, bikagabanya umutwaro wo kurwanya ubukana kuzenguruka ikirundo, kandi imbaraga zo kwitwara hepfo yikirundo ntizikunze gukoreshwa mugukoresha ejo hazaza, bigira uruhare runini mukuzamura imihangayiko yumusingi wikirundo no kunoza ingaruka zikoreshwa.

Imyitozo yerekanye ko byihuse kandi byoroshye imirimo yo gusuka ikirundo, nibyiza ubwiza bwikirundo; gutinda cyane, impanuka zishobora kubaho, bityo rero birakenewe ko tugerwaho byihuse kandi bikomeza.

Igihe cyo gusuka cya buri kirundo kigenzurwa ukurikije igihe cyambere cyo gushiraho beto yambere, kandi retarder irashobora kongerwaho muburyo bukwiye nibiba ngombwa.

“Igenzura ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe

Mugihe cyo gusuka beto yo mumazi, niba ubujyakuzimu bwumuyoboro washyinguwe muri beto buringaniye, beto izakwirakwira neza, ifite ubucucike bwiza, kandi ubuso bwayo buzaba buringaniye; ku rundi ruhande, niba beto ikwirakwira ku buryo butaringaniye, ahantu hahanamye ni hanini, biroroshye gutatanya no gutandukanya, bigira ingaruka ku bwiza, bityo ubujyakuzimu bwuzuye bwashyinguwe bugomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo umubiri w’ikirundo ube mwiza.

Ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe bwumuyoboro ni bunini cyane cyangwa buto cyane, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yikirundo. Iyo ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe ari buto cyane, beto izahita isenya hejuru ya beto mu mwobo hanyuma ikazunguruka mu mwobo, itera ibyondo cyangwa ibirundo bimenetse. Biroroshye kandi gukuramo umuyoboro hejuru ya beto mugihe ukora; iyo ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe ari bunini cyane, kwihanganira guterura beto ni nini cyane, kandi beto ntishobora kuzamuka hejuru, ariko irasunika gusa kurukuta rwinyuma rwumuyoboro rugana hafi yubuso bwo hejuru hanyuma ikimukira kuri impande enye. Umuyoboro wa eddy nawo uroroshye kuzunguruka imyanda ikikije umubiri wikirundo, bitanga uruziga rwa beto yo hasi, bigira ingaruka kumubiri wumubiri. Byongeye kandi, iyo ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe ari bunini, beto yo hejuru ntigenda umwanya muremure, igihombo kinini ni kinini, kandi biroroshye guteza impanuka zo kumena ikirundo ziterwa no guhagarika imiyoboro. Kubwibyo, ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe muri rusange bugenzurwa muri metero 2 kugeza kuri 6, naho kuri diameter nini n’ibirundo birebire, birashobora kugenzurwa hagati ya metero 3 na 8. Igikorwa cyo gusuka kigomba kuzamurwa kenshi no kuvanwaho, kandi uburebure bwubuso bwa beto mu mwobo bugomba gupimwa neza mbere yo gukuraho umuyoboro.

“Igenzura igihe cyo gusukura umwobo

Umwobo umaze kurangira, inzira ikurikira igomba gukorwa mugihe. Nyuma yo gusukura umwobo wa kabiri byemewe, gusuka beto bigomba gukorwa vuba bishoboka, kandi igihe cyo guhagarara ntigikwiye kuba kirekire. Niba igihe cyo guhagarara ari kirekire cyane, ibice bikomeye byo mucyondo bizakomeza ku rukuta rw'umwobo kugira ngo bibe uruhu rwijimye rwinshi bitewe n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gutoboka urukuta rw'ubutaka. Uruhu rwibyondo rushyizwe hagati ya beto nurukuta rwubutaka mugihe cyo gusuka beto, bigira ingaruka zo gusiga kandi bikagabanya ubushyamirane buri hagati ya beto nurukuta rwubutaka. Byongeye kandi, niba urukuta rwubutaka rwuzuyemo ibyondo igihe kirekire, ibintu bimwe na bimwe byubutaka nabyo bizahinduka. Ibice bimwe byubutaka birashobora kubyimba kandi imbaraga zizagabanuka, nabyo bizagira ingaruka kubushobozi bwo gutwara ikirundo. Kubwibyo, mugihe cyubwubatsi, ibisabwa mubisobanuro bigomba gukurikizwa byimazeyo, kandi igihe cyo kuva umwobo kugeza gusuka beto kigomba kugabanywa bishoboka. Umwobo umaze kozwa kandi wujuje ibyangombwa, beto igomba gusukwa vuba bishoboka muminota 30.

“Igenzura ubuziranenge bwa beto hejuru yikirundo

Kubera ko umutwaro wo hejuru woherejwe unyuze hejuru yikirundo, imbaraga za beto hejuru yikirundo zigomba kuba zujuje ibisabwa. Iyo usutse hafi yuburebure bwikirundo hejuru, umubare wanyuma wo gusuka ugomba kugenzurwa, kandi kugabanuka kwa beto birashobora kugabanuka muburyo bukwiye kugirango gusuka hejuru ya beto hejuru yikirundo birenze hejuru yuburebure bwateganijwe. hejuru yikirundo hejuru ya diametre imwe yikirundo, kugirango ibisabwa kugirango uburebure bwikigereranyo bushobore kuzuzwa nyuma yikigero kireremba hejuru yikirundo kivanyweho, kandi imbaraga za beto hejuru yikirundo zigomba kuba zujuje igishushanyo mbonera ibisabwa. Uburebure burenze urugero bwa diameter nini na pile ndende-ndende bigomba gutekerezwa byimazeyo hashingiwe ku burebure bwikirundo na diametre yikirundo, kandi bigomba kuba binini kuruta iby'ibirundo rusange byashyizwe ahantu, kubera ko diameter nini na ndende-ndende ibirundo bifata umwanya muremure wo gusuka, kandi imyanda hamwe nubutaka bureremba birundanya cyane, ibyo bikaba bibuza umugozi wo gupima kuba bigoye guca neza neza hejuru yicyondo cyangwa beto kandi bigatera gupima nabi. Iyo ukuyemo igice cyanyuma cyumuyoboro uyobora, umuvuduko wo gukurura ugomba gutinda kugirango wirinde icyondo cyinshi cyaguye hejuru yikirundo ntikinyunyuze kandi kigakora "icyondo cyondo".

Mugihe cyo gusuka beto yo mumazi, hariho amahuza menshi akwiye kwitabwaho kugirango harebwe ubwiza bwibirundo. Mugihe cyo gusukura umwobo wa kabiri, ibipimo byerekana ibyondo bigomba kugenzurwa. Ubucucike bw'ibyondo bugomba kuba hagati ya 1.15 na 1.25 ukurikije ubutaka butandukanye, ibirimo umucanga bigomba kuba ≤8%, naho ibishishwa bigomba kuba ≤28s; umubyimba wibimera munsi yumwobo ugomba gupimwa neza mbere yo gusuka, kandi gusuka birashobora gukorwa gusa iyo byujuje ibisabwa; ihuriro ry'umuyoboro rigomba kuba rigororotse kandi rifunze, kandi umuyoboro ugomba gupimwa mbere na nyuma yo gukoreshwa mugihe runaka. Umuvuduko ukoreshwa mugupima igitutu ushingiye kumuvuduko ntarengwa ushobora kubaho mugihe cyo kubaka, kandi kurwanya umuvuduko bigomba kugera kuri 0.6-0.9MPa; mbere yo gusuka, kugirango yemere guhagarika amazi gusohoka neza, intera iri hagati yu muyoboro nu munsi w’umwobo igomba kugenzurwa kuri 0. 3 ～ 0.5m. Ku birundo bifite umurambararo usanzwe uri munsi ya 600, intera iri hagati yu muyoboro nu munsi yumwobo irashobora kwiyongera neza; mbere yo gusuka beto, 0.1 ～ 0.2m3 ya 1: 1.5 ya sima igomba kubanza gusukwa muri ruhurura, hanyuma hagasukwa beto.

Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyo gusuka, mugihe beto mumuyoboro ituzuye kandi umwuka winjiye, beto ikurikira igomba guterwa buhoro buhoro muri ruhurura no mu muyoboro unyuze muri chute. Beto ntigomba gusukwa mumuyoboro uva hejuru kugirango wirinde gukora umufuka wumuvuduko ukabije wumuyaga mumuyoboro, gusohora amabuye ya reberi hagati yimiyoboro hanyuma bigatuma umuyoboro utemba. Mugihe cyo gusuka, umuntu witanze agomba gupima uburebure bwuburebure bwa beto mu mwobo, akuzuza inyandiko yo gusuka beto yo mumazi, kandi akandika amakosa yose mugihe cyo gusuka.

“Ibibazo rusange n'ibisubizo

1. Icyondo n'amazi mu muyoboro

Icyondo n'amazi mu muyoboro ukoreshwa mu gusuka beto yo mu mazi nacyo ni ikibazo cy’ubwubatsi gikunze kugaragara mu iyubakwa ry’ibirundo. Ikintu nyamukuru kigaragara ni uko iyo usutse beto, ibyondo bisuka mu muyoboro, beto iranduye, imbaraga ziragabanuka, kandi havuka imikoranire, bigatera kumeneka. Biterwa ahanini nimpamvu zikurikira.

1) Ikigega cyicyiciro cya mbere cya beto ntigihagije, cyangwa nubwo ububiko bwa beto burahagije, intera iri hagati yumurongo wumuyoboro nu munsi wumwobo ni nini cyane, kandi hepfo yumuyoboro ntishobora gushyingurwa nyuma beto iragwa, kuburyo ibyondo namazi byinjira bivuye hepfo.

2) Ubujyakuzimu bw'umuyoboro winjijwe muri beto ntibihagije, ku buryo icyondo kivangwa n'umuyoboro.

3) Umuyoboro wumuyoboro ntukomeye, icyuma cya reberi hagati yingingo zifungurwa zifunguye umuyaga mwinshi wumuyaga mwinshi wumuyoboro, cyangwa isuderi iracika, amazi atemba mumutwe cyangwa gusudira. Umuyoboro ukururwa cyane, kandi ibyondo byinjizwa mu muyoboro.

Mu rwego rwo kwirinda icyondo n'amazi byinjira mu muyoboro, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zikwiye kugira ngo birinde. Ingamba nyamukuru zo gukumira nizo zikurikira.

1) Ingano yicyiciro cya mbere cya beto igomba kugenwa no kubara, kandi hagomba kubikwa umubare uhagije nimbaraga zo kumanuka kugirango ibyondo bisohoke.

2) Umunwa wumuyoboro ugomba kubikwa intera iri munsi ya mm 300 kugeza kuri mm 500 kuva munsi yigitereko.

3) Ubujyakuzimu bw'umuyoboro winjijwe muri beto bugomba kubikwa munsi ya m 2.0.

4) Witondere kugenzura umuvuduko wo gusuka mugihe cyo gusuka, kandi akenshi ukoreshe inyundo (isaha) kugirango upime hejuru ya beto izamuka. Ukurikije uburebure bwapimwe, menya umuvuduko n'uburebure bwo gukuramo umuyoboro.

Niba amazi (icyondo) yinjiye mu muyoboro uyobora mugihe cyo kubaka, hagomba guhita hamenyekana icyateye impanuka kandi hagakoreshwa uburyo bukurikira bwo kuvura.

1) Niba byatewe nimpamvu ya mbere cyangwa ya kabiri yavuzwe haruguru, niba ubujyakuzimu bwa beto hepfo yumwobo butarenze m 0,5, ihagarikwa ryamazi rishobora kongera gushyirwaho kugirango risuke beto. Bitabaye ibyo, umuyoboro uyobora ugomba gukururwa, beto hepfo yu mwobo igomba guhanagurwa hakoreshejwe imashini ikurura umwuka, kandi beto igomba kongera gusukwa; cyangwa umuyoboro uyobora ufite igifuniko cyo hasi kigomba kwinjizwa muri beto kandi beto igomba kongera gusukwa.

) pompe, hanyuma icyuma kitarimo amazi kigomba kongerwaho kugirango wongere usuke beto. Kuri rezo yongeye gusukwa, dosiye ya sima igomba kongerwa mumasahani abiri yambere. Nyuma ya beto imaze gusukwa mumiyoboro iyobora, umuyoboro uyobora ugomba kuzamurwa gato, hanyuma icyuma cyo hasi kigomba gukanda hejuru yuburemere bwa beto nshya, hanyuma gusuka bigomba gukomeza.

2. Guhagarika imiyoboro

Mugihe cyo gusuka, niba beto idashobora kumanuka mumuyoboro, byitwa guhagarika imiyoboro. Hariho ibibazo bibiri byo guhagarika imiyoboro.

1) Iyo beto itangiye gusukwa, ihagarikwa ryamazi ryagumye mumuyoboro, bigatera guhagarika by'agateganyo gusuka. Impamvu ni: guhagarika amazi (umupira) ntabwo bikozwe kandi bigatunganywa mubunini busanzwe, gutandukana kwinshi ni binini cyane, kandi bigumye mumiyoboro kandi ntibishobora gusohoka; mbere yuko umuyoboro umanurwa, ibisigisigi bya beto bisigaye kurukuta rwimbere ntibisukurwa rwose; gutembera kwa beto ni binini cyane, imikorere irakennye, kandi umucanga ugahunikwa hagati yo guhagarika amazi (umupira) numuyoboro, kugirango amazi adahagarara.

2) Umuyoboro wa beto uhagarikwa na beto, beto ntishobora kumanuka, kandi biragoye gusuka neza. Impamvu ni: intera iri hagati yumunwa wumuyoboro nu munsi yumwobo ni nto cyane cyangwa yinjijwe mu mwobo uri munsi y’umwobo, bigatuma bigora gusohora beto kuva munsi yu muyoboro; ingaruka za beto kumanuka ntizihagije cyangwa gutemba kwa beto ni nto cyane, ingano yibuye ni nini cyane, igipimo cyumucanga ni gito cyane, amazi meza ni mabi, kandi beto iragoye kugwa; intera iri hagati yo gusuka no kugaburira ni ndende cyane, beto iba ndende, amazi aragabanuka, cyangwa yarakomeye.

Kubintu bibiri byavuzwe haruguru, suzuma ibitera bibaho kandi ufate ingamba nziza zo gukumira, nko gutunganya no gukora ingano y’amazi ahagarika amazi bigomba kuba byujuje ibisabwa, umuyoboro ugomba gusukurwa mbere yo gusuka beto, ubwiza bwo kuvanga nigihe cyo gusuka cya beto igomba kugenzurwa cyane, intera iri hagati yumuyoboro nu munsi yumwobo igomba kubarwa, kandi ingano ya beto yambere igomba kubarwa neza.

Niba guhagarika umuyoboro bibaye, gusesengura icyateye ikibazo hanyuma umenye ubwoko bwo guhagarika imiyoboro. Uburyo bubiri bukurikira burashobora gukoreshwa kugirango uhangane nubwoko bwo guhagarika imiyoboro: niba aribwo bwoko bwa mbere bwavuzwe haruguru, burashobora gukemurwa no gukanda (guhagarika hejuru), kubabaza, no gusenya (guhagarika hagati no hepfo). Niba ari ubwoko bwa kabiri, ibyuma birebire birashobora gusudira kugirango berekane beto mu muyoboro kugirango beto igwe. Kubuza imiyoboro ntoya, crane irashobora gukoreshwa mukuzunguza umugozi wumuyoboro hanyuma ugashyiraho vibatori ifatanye kumunwa wumuyoboro kugirango beto igwe. Niba bidashobora kugwa, umuyoboro ugomba guhita usohoka hanyuma ugasenywa igice ku gice, kandi beto iri mu muyoboro igomba gusukurwa. Igikorwa cyo gusuka kigomba kongera gukorwa ukurikije uburyo bwatewe nimpamvu ya gatatu y’amazi yinjira mu muyoboro.

3. Umuyoboro washyinguwe

Umuyoboro ntushobora gukururwa mugihe cyo gusuka cyangwa umuyoboro ntushobora gukururwa nyuma yo gusuka birangiye. Mubisanzwe byitwa umuyoboro ushyinguwe, akenshi biterwa no gushyingura byimbitse. Nyamara, igihe cyo gusuka ni kirekire cyane, umuyoboro ntushobora kwimurwa mugihe, cyangwa ibyuma byicyuma kurugero rwicyuma ntibisudwa neza, kandi umuyoboro uragongana kandi ukanyanyagiza mugihe cyo kumanika no gusuka beto, hanyuma umuyoboro urahagarara , ari nayo mpamvu y'umuyoboro washyinguwe.

Ingamba zo gukumira: Iyo usuka beto yo mumazi, hagomba gushyirwaho umuntu wihariye wo gupima buri gihe ubujyakuzimu bwashyinguwe muri beto. Mubisanzwe, bigomba kugenzurwa muri m 2 ~ 6 m. Iyo usutse beto, umuyoboro ugomba kunyeganyezwa gato kugirango wirinde umuyoboro udafatana na beto. Igihe cyo gusuka cya beto kigomba kugabanywa bishoboka. Niba ari ngombwa guhuzagurika, umuyoboro ugomba gukururwa kugeza byibuze byashyinguwe. Mbere yo kumanura akazu k'icyuma, banza urebe ko gusudira gukomeye kandi ntihakagombye kubaho gusudira. Iyo agasanduku k'icyuma kagaragaye ko karekuye mugihe cyo kumanura umuyoboro, kigomba gukosorwa no gusudira neza mugihe gikwiye.

Niba impanuka yimiyoboro yashyinguwe yarabaye, umuyoboro ugomba guhita uzamurwa na crane nini ya toni. Niba umuyoboro udashobora gukururwa, hagomba gufatwa ingamba zo gukuramo umuyoboro ku gahato, hanyuma ugahangana nawo kimwe n'ikirundo cyacitse. Niba beto itarakomera kandi amazi ntagabanuke mugihe umuyoboro ushyinguwe, ibisigazwa byibyondo hejuru ya beto birashobora kuvanwa hamwe na pompe yonsa ibyondo, hanyuma umuyoboro urashobora kongera kumanurwa hanyuma ukongera- yasutswe na beto. Uburyo bwo kuvura mugihe cyo gusuka burasa nimpamvu ya gatatu yamazi mumiyoboro.

4. Gusuka bidahagije

Gusuka bidahagije nanone byitwa ikirundo kigufi. Impamvu ni: nyuma yo gusuka birangiye, kubera kugwa kumunwa wumwobo cyangwa uburemere bukabije bwibyondo hejuru yo hepfo, ibisigazwa bya slurry ni binini cyane. Abakozi bashinzwe ubwubatsi ntibapimye ubuso bwa beto n'inyundo, ariko bibeshya bibwira ko beto yasutswe ahantu hateganijwe hejuru y’ikirundo, bikaviramo impanuka yatewe no gusuka ikirundo gito.

Ingamba zo gukumira zirimo ibintu bikurikira.

1) Umunwa w’umwobo ugomba gushyingurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugira ngo wirinde umunwa w’umwobo gusenyuka, kandi ikibazo cyo kugwa mu kanwa kigomba gukemurwa mu gihe cyo gucukura.

2) Ikirundo kimaze kurambirwa, imyanda igomba guhanagurwa mugihe kugirango harebwe niba umubyimba wujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa.

3) Kugenzura cyane uburemere bwibyondo byo kurinda urukuta rwo gucukura kugirango uburemere bwibyondo bugenzurwe hagati ya 1.1 na 1.15, naho uburemere bwibyondo muri mm 500 munsi yumwobo mbere yo gusuka beto bigomba kuba munsi ya 1.25, ibirimo umucanga ≤ 8%, hamwe n'ubukonje ≤28s.

Uburyo bwo kuvura buterwa nibihe byihariye. Niba nta mazi yo mu butaka ahari, umutwe wikirundo urashobora gucukurwa, umutwe wikirundo ureremba hejuru yubutaka nubutaka burashobora gutoborwa nintoki kugirango berekane urufatiro rushya rwa beto, hanyuma impapuro zishobora gushyigikirwa muguhuza ikirundo; niba iri mumazi yubutaka, isanduku irashobora kwagurwa no gushyingurwa cm 50 munsi yubutaka bwa beto yambere, kandi pompe yicyondo irashobora gukoreshwa mugukuraho ibyondo, gukuramo imyanda, hanyuma ugasukura umutwe wikirundo kugirango uhuze ikirundo.

5. Ibirundo bimenetse

Byinshi muribisubizo bya kabiri biterwa nibibazo byavuzwe haruguru. Byongeye kandi, kubera gusukura umwobo utuzuye cyangwa igihe kinini cyo gusuka, icyiciro cya mbere cya beto cyashyizweho bwa mbere kandi amazi yagabanutse, kandi beto ikomeza kumeneka mu gice cyo hejuru irazamuka, bityo hazaba ibyondo nigituba muri ibice bibiri bya beto, ndetse nikirundo cyose kizashyirwa hamwe nibyondo na slag kugirango bibe ikirundo kimenetse. Mu gukumira no kugenzura ibirundo byacitse, birakenewe cyane cyane gukora akazi keza mu gukumira no kugenzura ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru. Kubirundo byavunitse byabayeho, bigomba kwigwa hamwe nishami ribifitiye ububasha, ishami rishinzwe ibishushanyo mbonera, ubugenzuzi bwubwubatsi hamwe nubuyobozi bukuru bwishami ryubwubatsi kugirango batange uburyo bufatika kandi bushoboka bwo kuvura.

Ukurikije ubunararibonye bwashize, uburyo bukurikira bwo kuvura burashobora gukoreshwa mugihe habaye ibirundo bimenetse.

1) Ikirundo kimaze kumeneka, niba akazu k'icyuma gashobora gukurwaho, kagomba gusohoka vuba, hanyuma umwobo ukaba ugomba kongera gucukurwa hamwe nimyitozo yingaruka. Umwobo umaze guhanagurwa, akazu k'icyuma kagomba kumanurwa hanyuma beto ikongera gusukwa.

) umuyoboro ubarwa neza. Umuyoboro wamanuwe kugeza kumwanya wa cm 10 hejuru yubuso bwa beto yasutswe hanyuma hakongerwaho uruhago rwumupira. Komeza gusuka beto. Iyo beto iri muri ruhurura yuzuza umuyoboro, kanda umuyoboro uri munsi yubuso bwa beto wasutswe, hanyuma ikirundo gitose cyuzuye kirangire.

3) Niba ikirundo cyacitse kubera gusenyuka cyangwa umuyoboro udashobora gukururwa, hashobora gutangwa gahunda yinyongera yikirundo ifatanije nigice cyashushanyije hamwe na raporo yo gutunganya impanuka nziza, kandi ibirundo birashobora kongerwaho kumpande zombi. ikirundo cy'umwimerere.

4) Niba ikirundo kimenetse kibonetse mugihe cyo kugenzura ikirundo cyumubiri, ikirundo cyarakozwe muri iki gihe, kandi igice gishobora kugirwa inama yo kwiga uburyo bwo kuvura uburyo bwo gutaka. Kubisobanuro birambuye, nyamuneka reba amakuru ajyanye no gushimangira amakuru.