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中文1. Uburyo bwo gusimbuza
. Ibi bizahindura ubushobozi bwo kwifata biranga umusingi kandi bitezimbere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya no guhindura imikorere.
Ingingo zubaka: gucukumbura ubutaka kugirango buhindurwe kandi witondere ituze ryumwobo; menya neza ubwuzuzanye; uwuzuza agomba guhuzwa mubice.
. umubiri. Umubiri wikirundo nubutaka bwumwimerere bigize urufatiro rugizwe nurufatiro rwo kugera ku ntego yo kongera ubushobozi bwo kwishyiriraho no kugabanya kwikanyiza. Ingamba zo kubaka: Ubushobozi bwo gutwara no gutuza ikirundo cyamabuye yajanjaguwe biterwa ahanini nimbogamizi zuruhande rwubutaka bwumwimerere kuri yo. Intege nke nimbogamizi, niko ingaruka mbi yikirundo cyamabuye yamenetse. Kubwibyo, ubu buryo bugomba gukoreshwa ubwitonzi mugihe bwakoreshejwe kubutaka bworoshye bwibumba n'imbaraga nke cyane.
. umwobo). Umubiri wikirundo nubutaka bwumwimerere byubaka bigize urufatiro. Bitewe no gukanda no gutontoma, ubutaka buranyeganyezwa kuruhande, ubutaka burazamuka, kandi umuvuduko mwinshi wamazi yubutaka wiyongera. Iyo umuvuduko w'amazi arenze urugero ugabanutse, imbaraga zubutaka nazo ziyongera uko bikwiye. Ingamba zo kubaka: Iyo uwuzuza ari umucanga na kaburimbo hamwe no gutembera neza, ni umuyoboro mwiza wamazi uhagaze.
2. Uburyo bwo kubanziriza
. Nyuma yuko fondasiyo ibanje gukusanyirizwa hamwe kugirango irangize igice kinini cyo guturamo kandi ubushobozi bwo gutwara umusingi butezimbere, umutwaro urakurwaho inyubako irubakwa. Inzira yo kubaka ningingo zingenzi: a. Imizigo ibanziriza iyambere igomba kuba ingana cyangwa irenze umutwaro wubushakashatsi; b. Kubijyanye no kwipakurura ahantu hanini, ikamyo ita na buldozeri irashobora gukoreshwa hamwe, kandi urwego rwa mbere rwo gupakira ku butaka bworoshye cyane bworoshye rushobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe imashini zoroheje cyangwa imirimo y'amaboko; c. Ubugari bwo hejuru bwo gupakira bugomba kuba buto kuruta ubugari bwo hasi bwinyubako, naho hepfo hagomba kwagurwa neza; d. Umutwaro ukora kuri fondasiyo ntugomba kurenza umutwaro wanyuma wibanze.
. Pompe ya vacuum ikoreshwa mukuvana umusenyi wumusenyi kugirango habeho umuvuduko mubi kuri fondasiyo munsi ya membrane. Nkuko umwuka n'amazi biri mu musingi bivanwamo, ubutaka bw'ifatizo burahuzwa. Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha guhuriza hamwe, amariba yumucanga cyangwa imbaho zogusohora plastike nazo zirashobora gukoreshwa, ni ukuvuga amariba yumucanga cyangwa imbaho zamazi zishobora gucukurwa mbere yo gushyiramo umusenyi wumusenyi na geomembrane kugirango bigabanye intera y’amazi. Ingingo zubwubatsi: banza ushyireho uburyo bwo kuvoma buhagaritse, imiyoboro ikwirakwizwa mu buryo butambitse igomba gushyingurwa mumirongo cyangwa imiterere y amafi, naho icyapa gifunga kumurongo wumusenyi kigomba kuba ibice 2-3 bya firime polyvinyl chloride, bigomba gushyirwaho icyarimwe bikurikiranye. Iyo agace ari kanini, nibyiza guhitamo mbere mubice bitandukanye; kora indorerezi kurwego rwa vacuum, gutura hasi, gutura cyane, kwimuka gutambitse, nibindi.; nyuma yo kubanziriza, umusenyi wumusenyi hamwe na humus bigomba kuvaho. Hagomba kwitonderwa ingaruka ku bidukikije.
. Ibi mubyukuri ni ukugera ku ntego yo kubanziriza kugabanya amazi yubutaka no kwishingikiriza ku buremere bwubutaka bwibanze. Ingingo zubwubatsi: mubisanzwe ukoreshe urumuri rworoshye, indege nziza cyangwa ingingo zimbitse; mugihe ubutaka bwuzuye ibumba, sili, sili nibumba ryubusa, nibyiza guhuza na electrode.
(4) Uburyo bwa Electroosmose: shyiramo electrode yicyuma mumufatiro hanyuma unyure mumashanyarazi ataziguye. Mubikorwa byumurima wamashanyarazi utaziguye, amazi mubutaka azatemba ava kuri anode yerekeza kuri cathode kugirango akore electroosmose. Ntukemere ko amazi yuzuzwa kuri anode kandi ukoreshe vacuum kuvoma amazi kuva ku iriba kuri cathode, kugirango amazi yubutaka agabanuke kandi amazi yubutaka aragabanuka. Nkigisubizo, umusingi urahuzwa kandi ugahuzagurika, kandi imbaraga zikazamuka. Uburyo bwa electroosmose burashobora kandi gukoreshwa bufatanije na preloading kugirango byihute guhuza urufatiro rwibumba rwuzuye.
3. Uburyo bwo guhuza no guhinduranya
1. Uburyo bwo guhuza ubuso bukoresha gukoresha intoki, imashini zogukoresha ingufu nke, imashini zizunguruka cyangwa zinyeganyega kugirango zuzuze ubutaka bwubusa. Irashobora kandi guhuza ubutaka bwuzuye. Iyo amazi yubutaka bwo hejuru ari menshi cyangwa amazi yubutaka bwuzuye bwuzuye ni menshi, lime na sima birashobora gushirwa mubice kugirango bihuze kugirango ubutaka bukomeze.
2. Uburyo bwo kuvoma inyundo ziremereye Gukoresha inyundo nini ni ugukoresha ingufu nini zo gutembagaza zatewe no kugwa ku buntu ku nyundo iremereye kugira ngo uhuze urufatiro ruto, ku buryo hakozwe igishishwa gikomeye cyane gisa n'ubuso hejuru, n'ubugari runaka bwa urwego rwerekana. Ingingo z'ingenzi z'ubwubatsi: Mbere yo kubaka, hagomba gukorwa ibizamini byo gupima kugira ngo hamenyekane ibipimo bya tekiniki bijyanye, nk'uburemere bw'inyundo yo gutombora, umurambararo wo hasi no kugabanuka, umubare wanyuma wo kurohama n'umubare uhwanye n'ibihe byo gutembera hamwe hamwe amafaranga yo kurohama; ubutumburuke bwubuso bwo hasi bwa ruhago nu mwobo mbere yo gutobora bigomba kuba hejuru kurwego rwo hejuru; Ubushuhe bwubutaka bwubutaka bugomba kugenzurwa muburyo bwiza bwubushuhe mugihe cyo gutembera; ahantu hanini hagomba gukorerwa ibikorwa bikurikiranye; byimbitse mbere na buke nyuma iyo ubutumburuke bwibanze butandukanye; mugihe cyo kubaka imbeho, mugihe ubutaka bwakonje, ubutaka bwakonje bugomba gucukurwa cyangwa igice cyubutaka kigashongeshwa no gushyushya; nyuma yo kurangiza, ubutaka bwarekuwe bugomba gukurwaho mugihe cyangwa ubutaka bureremba bugomba guhindurwa kugirango burebure hejuru yuburebure bwa metero 1m.
3. Kunyunyuza cyane ni impfunyapfunyo ya tamping ikomeye. Inyundo iremereye irekurwa ahantu hirengeye, ikoresha ingufu nyinshi ku rufatiro, kandi ikubita hasi inshuro nyinshi. Imiterere yibice byubutaka bwibanze byahinduwe, nubutaka buba ubwinshi, bushobora kuzamura cyane imbaraga zifatizo no kugabanya kwikanyiza. Igikorwa cyo kubaka nuburyo bukurikira: 1) Kuringaniza ikibanza; 2) Shyira urwego rwamabuye ya kaburimbo; 3) Shiraho amabuye ya kaburimbo ukoresheje guhuza imbaraga; 4) Urwego kandi wuzuze urwego rwa kaburimbo rwohasi; 5) Kuzuza byuzuye rimwe; 6) Urwego no gushyira geotextile; 7) Ongera usubize ikirere cya slag cushion ikirere hanyuma uzenguruke inshuro umunani hamwe na roller yinyeganyeza. Mubisanzwe, mbere yubunini bunini bwo guhuza imbaraga, ikizamini gisanzwe kigomba gukorerwa kurubuga rufite ubuso butarenze 400m2 kugirango ubone amakuru kandi uyobore igishushanyo mbonera.
4. Uburyo bwo guhuza
1. Uburyo bwo kunyeganyega bukoresha uburyo bwo guhindagurika bwa horizontal hamwe ningaruka zo gukanda byatewe nigikoresho kidasanzwe cyo kunyeganyega kugirango buhoro buhoro bisenye imiterere yubutaka kandi byongere umuvuduko wamazi wamazi. Bitewe no gusenya kwubatswe, ibice byubutaka birashobora kwimukira mumwanya muto ushobora kuba ufite ingufu, kugirango ubutaka buhinduke buva mubucucike.
Inzira yo kubaka: (1) Kuringaniza ahazubakwa no gutondekanya ibirundo; (2) Ikinyabiziga cyubaka kirahari kandi vibatori iba igamije ikirundo; . Subiramo intambwe yavuzwe haruguru inshuro 1 kugeza kuri 2 kugirango icyondo kiri mu mwobo cyoroshye. . Subiramo iyi ntambwe kugeza igihe ubujyakuzimu bwimbitse bugera kumurongo wateganijwe, hanyuma wandike umubare wuzuza. . . Ibipimo fatizo bigomba kugenwa hifashishijwe ibizamini byo kurubuga. . Icyondo cyijimye kiri munsi yikigega gishobora gucukurwa buri gihe hanyuma kikoherezwa ahantu hateganijwe kubikwa. Amazi asobanutse neza hejuru yikigega cyimyanda arashobora kongera gukoreshwa. . kandi byegeranye.
2. Ibirundo bya kaburimbo ya kaburimbo (ibirundo bya kaburimbo, ikirundo cyubutaka bwa lime, ikirundo cya OG, ibirundo byo mu rwego rwo hasi, nibindi) koresha imashini zirohama imiyoboro kugirango inyundo, zinyeganyeze, cyangwa zihindura igitutu mu mfatiro kugirango zibe umwobo, hanyuma ushyire ibikoresho mu miyoboro, hanyuma uzamure (vibrate) imiyoboro mugihe ushizemo ibikoresho kugirango ube umubiri wuzuye ikirundo, ugize urufatiro rukomatanya nifatizo ryambere.
3. Ibirundo bya kaburimbo (byometseho amabuye) bifashisha inyundo ziremereye cyangwa uburyo bukomeye bwo guhindagura amabuye (amabuye yo guhagarika) mu rufatiro, buhoro buhoro wuzuza amabuye (amabuye yo guhagarika) mu rwobo rwogosha, hanyuma ukandagira inshuro nyinshi kugirango ukore ibirundo cyangwa amabuye. amabuye.
5. Uburyo bwo kuvanga
1. Uburyo bwumuvuduko mwinshi windege (uburyo bwumuvuduko ukabije windege yindege) ikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi kugirango utere sima ya sima kuva mumwobo watewe inshinge, guca no gusenya ubutaka mugihe bivanze nubutaka kandi bigira uruhare mugusimbuza igice. Nyuma yo gukomera, ihinduka ikirundo kivanze (inkingi) umubiri, ugize urufatiro rukomatanyije hamwe nurufatiro. Ubu buryo burashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora imiterere igumana cyangwa imiterere irwanya seepage.
2. Uburyo bwo kuvanga byimbitse Uburyo bwo kuvanga bwimbitse bukoreshwa cyane cyane gushimangira ibumba ryoroshye ryuzuye. Ikoresha sima ya sima na sima (cyangwa ifu ya lime) nkibikoresho nyamukuru bikiza, kandi ikoresha imashini idasanzwe ivanga cyane kugirango yohereze imiti ikiza mubutaka bwibanze kandi ikayihatira kuvanga nubutaka kugirango ikore ikirundo cyubutaka bwa sima (lime). (inkingi) umubiri, ugize urufatiro rugizwe numusingi wumwimerere. Imiterere yumubiri nubukanishi bwikirundo cyubutaka bwa sima (inkingi) biterwa nuruhererekane rwimikorere-shimi hagati yumuti ukiza nubutaka. Ingano yumuti ukiza wongeyeho, kuvanga uburinganire hamwe nubutaka bwubutaka nimpamvu nyamukuru zigira ingaruka kumiterere yibirundo byubutaka bwa sima (inkingi) ndetse nimbaraga nogusenyuka kwifatizo. Igikorwa cyo kubaka: ① Guhitamo preparation Gutegura bidatinze delivery Gutanga bidatinze ④ Gucukura no gutera ⑤ Kuzamura no kuvanga gutera dr Gutobora inshuro nyinshi no gutera ting Kuzamura inshuro nyinshi no kuvanga ⑧ Iyo umuvuduko wo guterura no guterura umuvuduko wavanze ni 0.65-1.0m / min, kuvanga bigomba gusubirwamo rimwe. ⑨ Ikirundo kimaze kurangira, sukura ubutaka bupfunyitse ku cyuma kivanze n'icyambu cyo gutera, hanyuma wimure umushoferi w'ikirundo ahandi hantu h'ikirundo cyo kubaka.
6. Uburyo bwo gushimangira
(1) Geosynthetics Geosynthetics ni ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho bya tekinoroji. Ikoresha polimeri yubukorikori nka plastiki, fibre chimique, reberi yubukorikori, nibindi nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango ikore ubwoko butandukanye bwibicuruzwa, bishyirwa imbere, hejuru cyangwa hagati yubutaka kugirango bikomeze cyangwa bikingire ubutaka. Geosynthetike irashobora kugabanywamo geotextile, geomembranes, geosynthetike idasanzwe hamwe na geosynthetike.
. Umusumari wubutaka uhura nubutaka bukikije uburebure bwabwo bwose. Yishingikirije kumurwango urwanya guhuza imiyoboro, ikora ubutaka bwuzuye hamwe nubutaka bukikije. Umusumari wubutaka ushyirwaho imbaraga muburyo bwimiterere yubutaka. Ubutaka bushimangirwa cyane cyane nakazi kogosha. Ubusumari bwubutaka mubusanzwe bugira inguni runaka nindege, kubwibyo byitwa oblique reinforcement. Imisumari yubutaka irakwiriye gushyigikirwa no gushingura umusozi wuzuza ibihimbano, ubutaka bwibumba, numusenyi wa sima udakomeye hejuru yurwego rwamazi yubutaka cyangwa nyuma yimvura.
. . Gushimangira ni gutambuka gutambitse. Mubisanzwe, ibikoresho, meshi, nibikoresho bya filamenti bifite imbaraga zikomeye, coefficente nini yo guterana hamwe no kurwanya ruswa ikoreshwa, nk'amabati y'icyuma; aluminiyumu, ibikoresho bya sintetike, nibindi
7. Uburyo bwo gutaka
Koresha umuvuduko wumwuka, umuvuduko wa hydraulic cyangwa amahame ya electrochemiki kugirango ushiremo ibice bimwe bikomeye mumashanyarazi cyangwa ikinyuranyo hagati yinyubako na fondasiyo. Guswera gusya birashobora kuba sima, sima ya sima, ibumba rya sima ibumba, ibumba ryibumba, lime slurry hamwe nubushakashatsi butandukanye bwimiti nka polyurethane, lignin, silikate, nibindi. , gucomeka guswera, gushimangira guswera hamwe nuburyo bwo kugorora gukosora. Ukurikije uburyo bwo guswera, burashobora kugabanwa muburyo bwo guhuzagurika, gutobora kwinjirira, gucamo ibice no gusya amashanyarazi. Uburyo bwo gusya bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo kubungabunga amazi, ubwubatsi, imihanda n'ibiraro hamwe n’inganda zitandukanye.
8. Ubutaka bubi bubi nibiranga
1. Ibumba ryoroshye Ibumba ryoroheje ryitwa kandi ubutaka bworoshye, aribwo buryo bwo kuvuga ubutaka bwibumba bworoshye. Yashinzwe mugihe cyanyuma cya Quaternary kandi ni iy'ubutaka bwimitsi cyangwa imigezi ya alluvial yibitseho icyiciro cya marine, icyiciro cya lagoon, icyiciro cyumugezi, icyiciro cyikiyaga, icyiciro cyarohamye, icyiciro cya delta, nibindi. Ikwirakwizwa cyane mubice byinyanja, hagati no hepfo yinzuzi cyangwa hafi yikiyaga. Ubutaka busanzwe bwibumba bwibumba nubutaka bwubutaka. Imiterere yumubiri nubukanishi bwubutaka bworoshye burimo ibintu bikurikira: (1) Imiterere yumubiri Ibumba ryibumba ni ryinshi, kandi igipimo cya plastike Ip muri rusange kirenze 17, nubutaka bwibumba. Ibumba ryoroheje ahanini ryijimye, icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, gifite impumuro mbi, kirimo ibintu kama, kandi gifite amazi menshi, muri rusange arenga 40%, mugihe sili nayo ishobora kuba irenga 80%. Ikigereranyo cya porosity muri rusange ni 1.0-2.0, muribo igipimo cya porosity cya 1.0-1.5 cyitwa ibumba ryubusa, naho igipimo cyinshi kirenga 1.5 cyitwa sili. Bitewe nibumba ryinshi ryibumba, amazi menshi hamwe nubunini bunini, imiterere yubukanishi nayo irerekana ibiranga - imbaraga nke, kwikanyiza cyane, kwinjirira hasi no kumva neza. . 20 kPa. Ibumba ryoroshye, cyane cyane sili, rifite sensibilité yo hejuru, nacyo kikaba ari ikimenyetso cyingenzi kibitandukanya nibumba rusange. Ibumba ryoroshye rirashobora gukomera. Coefficient yo guhunika irenze 0.5 MPa-1, kandi irashobora kugera kuri 45 MPa-1. Igipimo cyo guhunika ni 0.35-0.75. Mubihe bisanzwe, ibumba ryoroshye ryibumba ryubutaka busanzwe bwahujwe cyangwa ubutaka butarengerwa gato, ariko ibice bimwe byubutaka, cyane cyane ubutaka bwa vuba bwashyizwe mubutaka, birashobora kuba mubutaka budahujwe. Coefficient ntoya cyane ni ikindi kintu cyingenzi kiranga ibumba ryoroshye, muri rusange riri hagati ya cm 10-5-10-8 cm / s. Niba coefficente ya permeability ari nto, igipimo cyo guhuriza hamwe kiratinda cyane, guhangayika neza byiyongera gahoro gahoro, kandi gutuza biratinda, kandi imbaraga zifatizo ziyongera gahoro gahoro. Ibi biranga ni ikintu cyingenzi kibuza cyane uburyo bwo kuvura ishingiro ningaruka zo kuvura. (3) Ibiranga ubwubatsi Ibumba ryoroheje ryibumba rifite ubushobozi buke bwo gukura no gukura buhoro; biroroshye guhindura kandi ntibingana nyuma yo gupakira; igipimo cyo guhindura ibintu ni kinini kandi igihe cyo guhagarara ni kirekire; ifite ibiranga ubushobozi buke, thixotropy na rheologiya yo hejuru. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvura fondasiyo burimo uburyo bwo kubanziriza, uburyo bwo gusimbuza, uburyo bwo kuvanga, nibindi.
2. Kuzuza ibintu bitandukanye Kwuzuza bitandukanye kugaragara cyane mubice bimwe bishaje byo guturamo ndetse n’inganda n’ubucukuzi. Nubutaka bwimyanda isigaye cyangwa yegeranijwe nubuzima bwabantu nibikorwa byumusaruro. Ubutaka bw'imyanda muri rusange bugabanijwemo ibyiciro bitatu: ubutaka bwimyanda yubaka, ubutaka bwimyanda yo murugo hamwe nubutaka butunganya imyanda. Ubwoko butandukanye bwubutaka bwimyanda nubutaka bwimyanda bwarundanyirijwe mugihe gitandukanye biragoye kubisobanura hamwe nimbaraga zerekana imbaraga, ibipimo byo guhunika hamwe nibipimo byinjira. Ibintu nyamukuru biranga kuzuza ibintu bitandukanye ni kwirundanya bitateganijwe, guhimba bigoye, ibintu bitandukanye, ubunini butaringaniye hamwe nubusanzwe. Kubwibyo, urubuga rumwe rwerekana itandukaniro rigaragara muburyo bwo kwikuramo imbaraga nimbaraga, byoroshye cyane gutera gutuza kutaringaniye, kandi mubisanzwe bisaba kuvurwa shingiro.
3. Uzuza ubutaka Uzuza ubutaka nubutaka bwashyizwemo no kuzuza hydraulic. Mu myaka yashize, yakoreshejwe cyane mu iterambere ry’amazi yo ku nkombe no gutunganya imyuzure. Urugomero rugwa mu mazi (nanone rwitwa urugomero rwuzuye) rukunze kugaragara mu karere k’amajyaruguru yuburengerazuba ni urugomero rwubatswe nubutaka bwuzuye. Urufatiro rwakozwe nubutaka bwuzuye rushobora gufatwa nkubwoko bwibanze. Ibikoresho byubwubatsi biterwa ahanini nubutaka bwuzuye. Uzuza umusingi wubutaka muri rusange ufite ibintu byingenzi bikurikira. (1) Ibice byimitsi biragaragara ko byatoranijwe. Hafi yicyondo, ibice bito byashyizwe mbere. Hanze y'ibyondo, ibice byabitswe biba byiza. Mugihe kimwe, haribintu bigaragara mubyerekezo byimbitse. . Nyuma yo kuzuza byahagaritswe, ubuso buracika nyuma yo guhumeka bisanzwe, kandi amazi agabanuka cyane. Nyamara, ubutaka bwuzuye bwuzuye buracyari muburyo butemba mugihe amazi yamazi ari mabi. Nibyiza kuzuza ibice byubutaka, biragaragara ko iki kintu ari. (3) Imbaraga zambere zubutaka bwuzuye bwuzuye ni hasi cyane kandi kwikuramo ni hejuru. Ni ukubera ko ubutaka bwuzuye buri muburyo budahujwe. Urufatiro rwinyuma rugera buhoro buhoro rusanzwe rwo guhuza uko ibihe bihagaze. Ibikoresho byubwubatsi biterwa nibice bigize ibice, uburinganire, imiterere yo guhuza amazi nigihe gihagaze nyuma yo kuzura.
4. Ubutaka bwuzuye umucanga bwuzuye umucanga sili cyangwa umusingi mwiza wumusenyi akenshi bifite imbaraga nyinshi munsi yumutwaro uhagaze. Ariko, mugihe umutwaro wo kunyeganyega (umutingito, kunyeganyega kwa mashini, nibindi) ukora, urufatiro rwumusenyi rwuzuye rwumusenyi rushobora gutemba cyangwa guhinduka kwinshi kwinyeganyeza, cyangwa no gutakaza ubushobozi bwo gutwara. Ni ukubera ko ibice byubutaka bitunganijwe neza kandi umwanya wibice ukavaho bitewe nigikorwa cyingufu ziva hanze kugirango ugere ku buringanire bushya, bugahita butanga umuvuduko mwinshi w’amazi ya pore kandi guhangayika bikagabanuka vuba. Intego yo kuvura iyi fondasiyo ni ukugira ngo irusheho gukomera no gukuraho ibishoboka byo gutwarwa munsi yumutwaro uremereye. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura burimo uburyo bwo gukuramo, uburyo bwa vibroflotation, nibindi.
5. Ubutaka bushobora gusenyuka Ubutaka bugira ihinduka rikomeye bitewe no kwangirika kwimiterere yubutaka nyuma yo kwibizwa munsi yibibazo byo kwikuramo uburemere bwubutaka burenze hejuru, cyangwa munsi yibikorwa bihuriweho no guhangayika no guhangayika, byitwa gusenyuka. butaka, buri mu butaka bwihariye. Ubutaka bumwe bwuzuye butandukanye nabwo burasenyuka. Ubushuhe bukwirakwizwa cyane mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba igihugu cyanjye, Uburengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa bwo hagati ndetse no mu bice by'Ubushinwa burashobora gusenyuka. . Mugihe ukora ubwubatsi bwubatswe ku mfatiro zidasenyuka, birakenewe ko harebwa ingaruka zishobora guterwa numushinga watewe no gutura kwinshi guterwa no gusenyuka kwishingiro, hanyuma ugahitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo kuvura umusingi kugirango wirinde cyangwa ukuraho isenyuka ryishingiro cyangwa ibyangiritse byatewe umubare muto wo gusenyuka.
6. Ubutaka bwagutse Ibigize imyunyu ngugu yubutaka bwagutse cyane cyane montmorillonite, ifite hydrophilique ikomeye. Yaguka mubunini iyo ikurura amazi ikagabanuka mubunini iyo wabuze amazi. Uku kwaguka no kugabanuka guhinduka akenshi ni binini cyane kandi birashobora kwangiza byoroshye inyubako. Ubutaka bwagutse bukwirakwizwa cyane mu gihugu cyanjye, nka Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu n'ahandi, hakwirakwizwa ibintu bitandukanye. Ubutaka bwagutse ni ubwoko bwihariye bwubutaka. Uburyo rusange bwo kuvura umusingi burimo gusimbuza ubutaka, kunoza ubutaka, kubanza gushiramo, hamwe ningamba zubwubatsi kugirango hirindwe impinduka zubushuhe bwubutaka bwubutaka.
7. Ubutaka kama nubutaka bwubutaka Iyo ubutaka burimo ibintu bitandukanye kama, hazabaho ubutaka butandukanye. Iyo ibinyabuzima bifite ibinyabuzima birenze ibintu runaka, ubutaka bwubutaka buzakorwa. Ifite ibikoresho bitandukanye byubuhanga. Iyo ibinyabuzima byinshi biri hejuru, niko bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bwubutaka, bugaragarira cyane cyane mu mbaraga nke no kwikanyiza cyane. Ifite kandi ingaruka zitandukanye mugushyiramo ibikoresho byubwubatsi bitandukanye, bigira ingaruka mbi mubwubatsi bwububiko cyangwa kuvura umusingi.
8. Ubutaka bwubusozi bwimisozi Imiterere ya geologiya yubutaka bwimisozi iragoye cyane, bigaragarira cyane cyane muburinganire bwimfatiro no guhagarara neza kwaho. Bitewe n’ibidukikije by’ibidukikije hamwe n’imiterere y’ubutaka bw’ifatizo, hashobora kuba amabuye manini kuri icyo kibanza, kandi aho hantu hashobora no kuba haribintu bibi bya geologiya nko gutemba, gutemba, no kugwa ahantu hahanamye. Bazabangamira inyubako. Mugihe wubaka inyubako kumusozi, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane cyane kubidukikije hamwe nibidukikije bya geologiya, kandi fondasiyo igomba kuvurwa mugihe bibaye ngombwa.
9. Karst Mu bice bya karst, hakunze kubaho ubuvumo cyangwa ubuvumo bwisi, karst gullies, karst crevices, depression, nibindi. Zifite ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere kandi zikunda guhindagurika, gusenyuka no kugabanuka kwishingiro. Kubwibyo, ubuvuzi bukenewe bugomba gukorwa mbere yinyubako.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-17-2024