Ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokwakha i-TRD kwiprojekthi ye-XiongxIn

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, indlela ye-TRD isetyenziswe ngakumbi kwaye isetyenziswe ngokubanzi eTshayina, kwaye isicelo sayo kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya, ulondolozo lwamanzi, oololiwe kunye nezinye iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso nazo ziyanda. Apha, siza kuthetha ngamanqaku aphambili kwitekhnoloji yokwakha i-TRD esebenzisa i-Xiongan Tun kwicandelo le-chaiongan entsha ye-Xiongan Xin yesantya esiphakamileyo njengemvelaphi. Kunye nokuquka kwayo kwingingqi yomantla. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba indlela ye-TRD inomgangatho ofanelekileyo wodonga kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kokwakha, okunokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zokwakha. Isicelo esikhulu sendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD kule projekthi iqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD kwingingqi esemantla. , ukubonelela ngeereferensi ezingaphezulu kolwakhiwo lwe-TRD kwingingqi esemantla.

1. Ushwankathelo lweProjekthi

I-Xiongan-Xinjiang Drilay-isantya sesantya sikwindawo ephakathi yaseNyakatho China, isebenza kumaphondo aseHebei kunye neShanxi kunye Shanxi kunye neShanxi. Ibaleka ngokungxama kwicala elingasempuma-ntshona. Umgca uqala kwisikhululo seXiongan kwiSithili esitsha seXiongan kwi-East kwaye uphela kwisikhululo se-xinzhou West ye-Daxi Raintayy eNtshona. Idlula kwisithili esitsha seSithili se-Xiongan, isixeko esitsha, kunye nesiXeko saseXinzhou. , kwaye uqhagamshelwe eTaiyuan, ikomkhulu lePhondo leShanki, kusetyenziswa i-DAXICRENCRES. Ubude bendawo entsha eyakhayo ye-342.61km. Yindlela ebalulekileyo ethe tyaba kwinethiwekhi yesantya esiphezulu sokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu sendawo "ethe nkqo kwaye ethe nkqo i-tiongay yendawo ye-chailay, kwaye ikwisicwangciso esiphambili se-tilay yindawo ephambili ye-theijing.

Zininzi iindlela zokuyila kule projekthi. Apha sithatha iCandelo le-BID 1 njengomzekelo wokuxoxa ngokusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo lwe-TRD. Umgangatho wokwakha wale candelo lebhidi yimnyango ye-chaiongan entsha (icandelo 1) elikwilali yaseGaoxiaoWng, iRongCheng County, iBaoding City. Umgca uqala kuwo ovela kuwo udlula embindini welali. Emva kokushiya ilali, ihla e-baigou ukukhokela umlambo, emva koko isusela kwicala elingasezantsi leGuocun ukuya entshona. Isiphelo seNtshona siqhagamshelwe kwisikhululo samaXesha aseXiongan. I-tileage eqala kunye nokuphelisa i-tunnel ye-tiongbao dk109 + 800 xiongbao DK10. I-tunnel ikwi-baoding isixeko singama-3160m kwi-rongcheng yedolophu kunye ne-4340m e-Antin County.

I-2. Ushwankathelo loyilo lwe-TRD

Kule projekthi, udonga lokuxubana komhlaba nomhlaba olulinganayo lunobunzulu be-26m ~ 44m, ubukhulu becala lwe-800mm, kunye nomthamo wemitha yemitha ezingama-650,000.

Isamente yokuxubana komhlaba kwesandla esilinganayo senziwe nge-P.O42.5 Isixhobo sePortland esiqhelekileyo, umxholo wesamente awungaphantsi kwe-25%, kunye nenqanaba lesamente liyi-1.0 ~ 1.5.

Ukuphambuka kodonga lodonga lwesamente lomhlaba wokudibanisa umhlaba awuyi kuba nkulu kune-1/300, ukuphambuka komngxunya akuyi kuba ngaphezulu kwe-4 ~ -20m. blade).

Ixabiso elisemgangathweni lamandla oxinzelelo olungenakuthelekiswa nodonga lwesamente esimenzakali emva kweentsuku ezingama-28 zokuntywila kwezi-28 zokuntywila okungaphantsi kwe-0.8MPA, kunye nodonga olungeyomfuneko kune-10-7cm / s.

Udonga lokudibanisa umhlaba olulinganayo lomhlaba wamkela inkqubo yolwakhiwo lweentsuku ezintathu (okt, ukumbiwa okuthe kratya, ukumba okokuqala, kunye nokuxuba komxube). Emva kokuba i-stratum ikhutshiwe kwaye ikhululwe, ukutshiza kunye nokuxuba kuya kwenziwa ukuqinisa udonga.

Emva kokuxuba kwesamente yomhlaba wokudibanisa umhlaba onobunzima obulinganayo, uluhlu lwebhokisi yokusika butshizwe kwaye ixutywe ngexesha lokuphakanyiswa kwebhokisi yokusika ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhokisi ephethwe yi-Chokisi ihleli kwi-Udonga eliqathayo. .

I-3. Iimeko zeJografi

Iimeko zeJografi

I-strarata etyhidiweyo kumphezulu wayo yonke indawo ye-tiongan entsha kunye nezinye iindawo ezikufutshane ziyimixokelelwane. Ubungqingqwa beendawo zokuhlala zexesha elide ziimitha ezingama-300, kwaye uhlobo lolwakhiwo ikakhulu.

(1) Inkqubo entsha yeBrand (Q₄)

Umgangatho we-holocene ufuthi ufike i-7 ukuya kwi-12 yeemitha ezinzulu kwaye ikakhulu ziidipozithi zika-Alluvial. I-0.4 ~ 8m ifudula lisandula ukubekwa, isilika, kunye nodongwe, ubukhulu bengqwangangqwizi kwi-grey-brown kunye netyheli-brown; I-lithoglogy ye-stratum esezantsi yi-jikelele ye-sediment calty, isilika, kunye nodongwe, kunye namanye amalungu anentlabathi entle kunye neendawo eziphakathi. I-Sand Faint ikakhulu ikho kwimo yelensi, kwaye umbala womhlaba womhlaba ubuphuzi-bumdaka-bumdaka ukuya eBrown-tyhel.

(2) Hlaziya inkqubo (Q₃)

Ubunzulu bokungcwatywa komgangatho we-peeistocene ngokubanzi ziimitha ezingama-60 ubude. Ziidiphozithi zedipozithi yokufunda. I-litholog ikakhulu idongwe, isilika, udongwe, isanti entle yesanti kunye nentlabathi ephakathi. Umhlaba wodongwe unzima kwiplastiki. , umhlaba wesanti yindawo ephakathi-ide ibethe, kwaye umhlaba womhlaba ubuqhetsezi-ophuzi-blow-brown.

(3) Inkqubo ye-peristocene (Q₂)

Ubunzulu bokungcwatywa kobuganga obuphakathi ngama-70 ukuya kwi-100 yeemitha. Ibunjwe ikakhulu ngodongwe olungaqhelekanga, udongwe, uClayey Sall, isanti entle yesanti kunye nesanti esiphakathi. Umhlaba wodongwe unzima kwiplastiki, kwaye umhlaba wesanti ukwimo exineneyo. Umhlaba womhlaba ubuqhetsezi-brown, brown-tyheli, brown-bomvu, kunye ne-tan.

. I-Speciation Scown Sourcher SpectRum Ixabiso le-SpectRum Ixabiso leSahlulo se-0.40s.

I-2. Iimeko ze-hydrogeological

Iindidi zamanzi aphantsi komhlaba azibandakanyeka kubunzulu bokuhlola kwale ndawo ikakhulu zibandakanya amanzi amnandi ngomhla womhlaba ongenamanzi, kwaye wavala amanzi kumhlaba onzulu weSanti. Ngokweengxelo zeJografi, iimpawu zokuhambisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamanzi alandelayo:

(1) Amanzi omphezulu

Amanzi angaphezulu avela kumlambo we-baigou diarsion (inxenye yomlambo ekufuphi nenkunkuma, ifama kunye nebhanti eluhlaza), kwaye akukho manzi kwixesha lophololo ngexesha lovavanyo.

(2) Ukuntywila

I-Xiongan TUNP (icandelo 1): Ihanjiswa kufutshane nomphezulu, ikakhulu ifunyenwe kwi-②51 ye-②51, ②511, ②21 yesanti, kunye ne-⑤2 yesanti yesanti esisiyo, kunye ne-⑤2 iphakathi yesanti. ②7. I-Silty Seld Sands kwi-⑤1 kunye nongqimba lwentlabathi ephakathi kwi-⑤2 banomsindo ongcono kunye nobungqingqwa, ubukhulu obukhulu, ngakumbi ukusasaza, kunye nomxholo wamanzi otyebileyo, kunye nomxholo wamanzi otyebileyo, kunye nomxholo wamanzi otyebileyo, kunye nomxholo wamanzi otyebileyo. Ziphakathi kwezinto ezinamandla zamanzi aqinileyo. Iplate ephezulu yalo mlinganiso ngu-1.9 ~ 15.5m ngo-6.96m ~ -8m (kunye neplate ye-15. I-phurchnic aquine isasazwe kwaye isasazwe ngokucacileyo, ebaluleke kakhulu kule projekthi. Ukwakhiwa kunempembelelo enkulu. Inqanaba lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngokuthe ngcembe lincipha ukusuka kwimpuma ukuya entshona, ngokutshintsha kwexesha le-2.0 ~ 4.0m. Inqanaba lamanzi elizinzileyo lokuntywila yi-3.1 ~ 16.3m inzulu (i-3.6 ~ -8 ~ -8.8m). Ukuchaphazeleka kukungenisa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kumlambo weBaigou Digion, amanzi angaphezulu abuyisele amanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Inqanaba lamanzi aphantsi komhlaba lelona liphezulu kwi-baigo yomhlaba kunye ne-DK116 + 000 ~ xiongbao dk107 + 600.

(3) Amanzi acinezelweyo

I-Xiongan Tunnel (icandelo 1): Ngokweziphumo zophando, amanzi anengxaki yokwahlulahlula ngokwamaleko amane.

Umaleko wokuqala we-aquifder evaliweyo iqulathe isanti ye-silty yesilika, i-⑦2 yentlabathi, kwaye ihanjiswa ekuhlaleni kwi-⑦51 ye-clyey. Ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zokuhambisa i-aquifa kwicandelo elingaphantsi komhlaba, amanzi avalelwa kulowo uqobo olwenziwe njengeNo.

I-aquif yesibini evaliweyo ye-Aquine iqulathe i-Syres yeSilt, iSand esiPhakathi, kwaye isasazwe ekuhlaleni kwi-¶21 ye-clyey. Amanzi avalelwa kulowo athunyelwa ikakhulu kwiXiongbao Dk122 + 720 ~ 33 + 980 ~ 33 + 980 ~ ~ xiongbao DK127 + 360. Ukusukela kwi-SEATE STATER ye-SEATER kweli candelo kukuqhubeka nokusasazwa, i-No. 84 isanti yentlabathi kweli candelo lifundisiwe. Isanti, i-⑧5 yentlabathi ephakathi, kunye ne-⑧21 ye-cellay yenzuzo yahlulwe ngokwahlukeneyo i-aquife yesibini. Ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zokuhambisa i-aquifa kwicandelo elingaphantsi komhlaba, amanzi avalelwa kulowo avalelwayo abalelwa njengeNo.

Umaleko wesithathu we-Aquifter evalelwe i-Aquine edityaniswe yintlabathi ye-Silty, ⑨2, ⑨4 isilivere, kunye ne-⑩5 yesanti ephantsi komhlaba, kunye (ne-⑩5 yesanti.

I-raceter yesine ye-Aquifar evalelwe i-①3 yesanti esiphakathi, i-①4 isilivere, kunye ne-⑬4 yentlabathi, kunye ne-⑬4 yesanti, kunye ne-⑬4 yesanti, kunye ne-⑬4. Ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zokuhambisa i-aquifter kwicandelo elingaphantsi komhlaba, amanzi avalelwayo kulo mthetho ubalwa njenge-4.

I-xiongan tun (icandelo 1): Amanqanaba amanzi anokunyuka kwinqanaba elivaliweyo kwi-Xiongbao DK107 + 200 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 300 ~ 300 ~ 300 Icandelo le-Tiongbao DK108 + 300 icandelo le-0m; Inqanaba lokuphakama kwamanzi okuvalelwa kwi-Xiongbao DK108 + 300 xiongbao DK109 + i-5m yenqanaba lamanzi e-xiongbao dk123 + 050 ye-35m.

4. Uvavanyo lodonga lokuvavanywa

Isitya sokumisa samanzi sexesha elide sale projekthi silawulwa ngamacandelo angama-300 eemitha. Uhlobo lwekhephu lemisi elimisiweyo lifana nekhuselo lamanzi ngamacala omabini amacala omhadi wesiseko seSiseko. Indawo yokwakha ineekona ezininzi kunye namacandelo athile okutsha, ukwenza kube nzima ukwakhiwa. Kukokokuqala ukuba le ndlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD isetyenziswe kwinqanaba elikhulu elinjalo emantla. Isicelo seNgingqi ukuze siqinisekise ukubandakanyeka kokwakha kwendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD kunye nezixhobo phantsi kweemeko zodonga lokwahlula-hlula umhlaba, ukudibanisa amandla okudibanisa, njl.

Iimfuneko zoyilo lweLicebo:

Ubunzima bodonga yi-800mm, ubunzulu buyi-29m, kwaye ubude beplanethi aluchaphazeli-22m;

Ukuphambuka kodonga querity akuyi kuba nkulu kune-1/300, ukuphambuka komgangatho ongayi kuba ngaphezulu kwe-40mm.

Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lamandla oxinzelelo olungafunekiyo lodonga lwesamente lomhlaba wokudibana komhlaba emva kweentsuku ezingama-28 zokuntywila kwezi-28 zokuntywila okungaphantsi kwe-0.8MPA, kunye ne-Poll Perpoelity kune-10-7cm / sec;

Inkqubo yokwakha:

Udonga lokudibanisa umhlaba olinganayo lomhlaba wamkela inkqubo yokwakha inyathelo leenyawo ezintathu (okt ukumba okhuphayo, ukumba okuthintela, kunye nokuxuba komxube).

Ubunzima bodonga lodonga lokuvavanywa bungama-800mm kwaye ubunzulu obukhulu yi-29m. Yakhiwe ngomatshini wendlela ye-TRD-70E. Ngexesha lenkqubo yodonga lokuvavanywa, ukusebenza kwezixhobo kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo, kwaye isantya sokunyuka kwe-overeyini se-2.4m / h.

IZIPHUMO ZOVAVANYO:

Iimfuneko zovavanyo zodonga lokuvavanywa: kuba udonga lokuvavanywa lunzulu kakhulu, i-slickry yovavanyo lwe-slurry block, i-sliedry yovavanyo lwesamente kunye novavanyo lwamandla okuxuba kunye novavanyo lokuxuba komhlaba lugqityiwe.

Uvavanyo lwebhlokhi yovavanyo lwesilayidi:

Iimvavanyo zamandla ezingafunekiyo zenziwa kwiisampulu ezingundoqo lwesamente yokudibanisa iindonga zomhlaba ezilinganayo ngexesha lokunyanga ngomhla wama-28 kunye ne-45. Iziphumo zezi zilandelayo:

Ngokwedatha yovavanyo, amandla angadibaniyo anobuqili beesampulu zomhlaba odibanisa nodonga olulinganayo lukhulu kune-0.8MPA, hlanganisa iimfuno zoyilo;

Uvavanyo lwe-Penatition:

Ukuziphatha kweengquzulwano ezinobuchule kwiisampulu ezisebenzisana zesamente yokudibanisa iindonga zomhlaba ezilinganayo ngexesha lokunyanga ngomhla wama-28 kunye ne-45. Iziphumo zezi zilandelayo:

Ngokwedatha yovavanyo, iziphumo ezilinganelanga zikhona phakathi kwe-5.2 × 10-8-9.6 × 10 × 10-8cm / sec, ezihlangabezana neemfuno zoyilo;

I-CUST YOKUHLAZIYWA KWENXAXHEBA

Uvavanyo lwamandla ethutyana 28 lwexesha lokuqhutywa kweNqaku leThezulu lwenziwa kwibhloko yovavanyo lovavanyo lodonga. Iziphumo zovavanyo zaziphakathi kwe-1.2Mpa-1.6MPA, eyadibana neemfuno zoyilo;

Uvavanyo lwamandla e-45-ntsuku lwe-45 lokunyanzela lwenziwa kwibhloko yovavanyo lovavanyo lodonga. Iziphumo zovavanyo zaziphakathi kwe-1.2MPA-1.6MPA, eyadibana neemfuno zoyilo.

5. Iiparamitha zokwakha kunye namanyathelo obuchwephesha

1. Iiparamitha zokwakha

. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwakha, ubungakanani bemendo lwamandla kulwelo lungalungelelaniswa ngokufanelekileyo ngokweemfuno zenkqubo kunye neempawu zokwakha.

. Kwinqanaba lokugcina iliso, ulwelo lwembeko luthunyelwe ngokufanelekileyo ngokwenziwa kodaka lodaka oluxubeneyo.

. Umyinge wamanzi omendo kufuneka ulawulwe ubuncinci ngaphandle kokunciphisa inani lesamente. ; Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwakha, nganye i-1500kg yamanzi kunye ne-1000kg yesamente ixutywe kwi-slickry. Ulwelo lokunyanga lusetyenziswa kwinyathelo lokuxuba lomxube lodonga kunye nebhokisi yokusika inyathelo.

2. Amanqaku aphambili kulawulo lobugcisa

. Sebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuze ucwangciswe, kwaye kwangaxeshanye zilungiselele ukukhusela i-pile kwaye wazise iiyunithi ezifanelekileyo zenza uphononongo lwe-wiring.

(2) phambi kokwakha, sebenzisa inqanaba lokulinganisa ukuphakama kwendawo, kwaye usebenzise umkhupheli ukuya kwinqanaba; I-geology engalunganga kunye nemiqobo engaphantsi komhlaba ichaphazela umgangatho wodonga olwenziwe ngendlela yokwakha i-TRD kufuneka ijongwe kwangaphambili ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke nolwakhiwo lwamanzi e-TRD; Kwangelo xesha, amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe ukwandisa umxholo we-cememe.

. Ngaphambi kokwakha, ngokobunzima bezixhobo zendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD, ukuqinisa amanyathelo anjengokubeka iipleyiti zentsimbi kufuneka kwenziwe kwindawo yokwakha. Ukubekwa kweepleyiti zentsimbi akufuneki kube kungabi ngaphantsi kwe-2 iindawo ezifakwe ngokuhambelana kwaye kugqitha kwicala lomsele ngokulandelelana ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokwakha ihambelane nemfuno zesixhobo sezixhobo zezakhiwo; Ukuqinisekisa ukuthe tyaba komqhubi wepile kunye nebhokisi yokusika.

. Umhlaba wesiseko uxubekile, ukhuthazekile ukukhulula, emva koko waziqinisa kwaye udityaniswe eludongeni.

. Ngaphambi kokwakha, isixhobo esilinganayo kufuneka sisetyenziselwe ukuqhuba uvavanyo lwe-Axis ukuqinisekisa ukuba umqhubi we-TRD uhleli ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ukuphambuka nkqo kwesakhelo sekholamu se-Plainmild ufanele ukuqinisekiswa. Ngaphantsi kwe-1/300.

. Ngelixa kuqinisekisile ukuchaneka okuthe nkqo, lawula inani le-ination yolwelo obusezantsi ukuze udaka oluxubeneyo lukwimeko yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokubonisa okuphezulu. Ukuze ukwazi ukujongana notshintsho lwe-strotigraphic.

(8) Ngexesha lenkqubo yokwakha, ukuchaneka okuthe nkqo kodonga kunokulawulwa nge-inclinmeter efakwe ngaphakathi kwibhokisi yokusika. Ukuthe tyaba eludongeni akufuneki kube ngaphezulu kwe-1/300.

(9) Emva kofakelo lwe-inclinmeter, qhubeka nolwakhiwo lodonga lokudibanisa umhlaba olulinganayo. Udonga olulwenziwe ngomhla ofanayo kufuneka lube ngaphezulu kodonga olungaphantsi kwe-30cm ~ 50cm; Inxalenye egqithisileyo kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba ibhokisi yokusika ithe nkqo kwaye ayikhutshiwe. Vuselela kancinci ngexesha lokwakha ukuxuba ngokupheleleyo kwaye uvuselele ulwelo olungqulunqe kwaye luxube udaka lukuqinisekisa ngaphezulu. umgangatho. Umzobo we-Schematic wokwakhiwa okugqithisileyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

(11) Emva kokuba ulwakhiwo lwecandelo lobuso bokusebenza lugqityiwe, ibhokisi yokusika ikhutshiwe kwaye ibolile. I-TRD isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kunye ne-crawler crane ukukhupha ibhokisi yokucocwa ngokulandelelana. Ixesha kufuneka lilawulwe ngaphakathi iiyure ezi-4. Kwangelo xesha, ivolumu elilinganayo yodaka ixutywe igalelwe emazantsi ebhokisi yokusika.

. Ukuhamba kokusebenza kwempompo yokukhula kufuneka kulungiswe ngokwesantya sokukhupha ibhokisi yokusika.

(13) Yomeleza ukugcinwa kwezixhobo. I-Shift nganye iya kugxila ekuqwalaselweni kwenkqubo yamandla, itsheyini kunye nezixhobo zokusika. Kwangelo xesha, kusekwe iseti ye-Backup kuya kulungiswa. Xa i-Mains Subsmol yoNxweme ingenamandla, ukubonelela ngoncedo, ukucinezelwa komoya, kunye nemisebenzi yomoya, kunye nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokuxuba inokuphinda iphinde iphinde ibene ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwimeko yokuphuma kwamandla. , ukunqanda ukulibaziseka okubangela iingozi zokubulala.

(14) Ukomeleza ukubek'esweni kwenkqubo yokwakha i-TRD kunye novavanyo lomgangatho wodonga. Ukuba kufunyenwe iingxaki ezisemgangathweni, kuya kufuneka unxibelelane ngokusebenzayo umniniyo, isuphavayiza kunye neyunithi yoyilo ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okulungisa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuphepha ilahleko engapheliyo ukuthintela ilahleko engapheliyo ukuphepha ilahleko engapheliyo.

I-6. Ukuqukumbela

I-upection iyonke yokudityaniswa kodonga lweprojektha yomhlaba olinganayo wesamente yomhlaba malunga neemitha ezingama-650,000. Okwangoku iprojekthi yelona gunya likhulu le-TRD kunye nevolumu yoyilo phakathi kweeprojekthi zesantya esiphezulu sasekhaya. Izixhobo ezingama-32 zizonke zityale imali, ye-Shanggong yoMatshini we-Thanggong ye-TRD ye-akhawunti ye-akhawunti ye-50%. ; Isicelo esikhulu sendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD kule projekthi sibonisa ukuba indlela ye-TRD isetyenziswa njengeprojekthi yokumisa amanzi kwi-ruilay yesantya sesantya sesantya sesantya esiphezulu kwaye ukusebenzela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kunokuhlangabezana neemfuno. Ikwangqina ukuba indlela ye-TRD ye-TRD isebenza kakuhle ekwenziweni kwengingqi ineempawu ezithile zendlela yokwakhiwa kwe-TRD kwi-Teil Swimned Geeral Tounnel ye-Treat kunye nolwakhiwo kwingingqi esemantla.

Iposi: Oct-12 ukuya ku-1223