Ingxoxo ngobunzima kunye noLumkelo kuLwakhiwo lwePile ngaphantsi kwamanzi

Ubunzima bokwakha obuqhelekileyo

Ngenxa yesantya sokwakha esikhawulezayo, umgangatho ozinzileyo kunye nempembelelo encinci yemozulu, iziseko zemfumba ezidikwe ngaphantsi kwamanzi zamkelwe ngokubanzi. Inkqubo yokwakha esisiseko yeziseko zemfumba ekruqukileyo: uyilo lokwakha, ukubeka i-casing, i-drilling rig endaweni, ukucoca umngxuma osezantsi, ukumitha kwe-cage ballast yentsimbi, i-catheter yokugcina i-secondary, ukugalela ikhonkrithi engaphantsi kwamanzi kunye nokucoca umngxuma, imfumba. Ngenxa yobunzima bezinto ezichaphazela umgangatho wokugalelwa kwekhonkrithi ephantsi kwamanzi, ikhonkco lokulawula umgangatho wokwakha lihlala liba yinto enzima kulawulo lomgangatho weziseko zemfumba ezidikwe ngaphantsi kwamanzi.

Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kulwakhiwo lokugalela ikhonkrithi engaphantsi kwamanzi ziquka: ukuvuza okunzulu komoya kunye namanzi kwi-catheter, kunye nokuqhekeka kwemfumba. Ikhonkrithi, udaka okanye i-capsule eyenza i-layer ekhululekile yesakhiwo ine-slurry interlayer edadayo, ebangela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba imfumba iphuke, echaphazela umgangatho wekhonkrithi kwaye ibangele ukuba imfumba ishiywe kwaye iphindwe; ubude bombhobho ongcwatywe kwikhonkrithi bunzulu kakhulu, nto leyo eyandisa ingxabano ejikelezileyo kwaye yenza kube nzima ukutsala umbhobho ngaphandle, okukhokelela ekuqhawukeni kwemfumba, nto leyo eyenza ukugalelwa kungabi mpuluswa, kubangele ikhonkrithi ngaphandle kombhobho. ukulahlekelwa yi-fluidity ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ukonakala; ukusebenza kunye nokudilika kwekhonkrithi kunye nomxholo wesanti ephantsi kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuba umjelo uvalwe, okukhokelela kwimicu yokuphosa eyaphukileyo. Xa ugalela kwakhona, ukutenxa kwisikhundla akusingathwanga ngexesha, kwaye i-slurry interlayer edadayo iya kubonakala kwikhonkrithi, ibangele i-Pile breakage; ngenxa yokunyuka kwexesha lokulinda lekhonkrithi, i-fluidity yekhonkrithi ngaphakathi kombhobho iba yimbi ngakumbi, ukwenzela ukuba ikhonkrithi edibeneyo ayikwazi ukuthululwa ngokuqhelekileyo; i-casing kunye nesiseko ayilungile, eya kubangela amanzi kwindonga ye-casing, ebangela ukuba umhlaba ojikelezayo udibanise kwaye umgangatho wemfumba awunakuqinisekiswa; ngenxa yezizathu zangempela ze-geological kunye nokugaya okungalunganga, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubangele ukuba udonga lomngxuma luwele; ngenxa yephutha lovavanyo lokugqibela lomngxuma okanye ukudilika komngxuma onzulu ngexesha lenkqubo, imvula elandelayo phantsi kwentsimbi yentsimbi inzima kakhulu, okanye ukuphakama okuthululwayo akukho ndawo, kubangele imfumba ende; ngenxa yokungakhathali kwabasebenzi okanye ukusebenza okungalunganga, ityhubhu yokufumanisa i-acoustic ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, okubangelwa ukufunyanwa kwe-ultrasonic yesiseko semfumba ayikwazi ukuqhutyelwa ngokuqhelekileyo.

“Umlinganiselo womxube wekhonkrithi kufuneka uchaneke

1. Ukukhetha isamente

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwesamente esetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwethu ngokubanzi yi-silicate eqhelekileyo kunye nesamente ye-silicate. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ixesha lokuqala lokumisela akufanele libe ngaphambi kweeyure ezimbini ezinesiqingatha, kwaye amandla alo kufuneka abe ngaphezu kwama-42.5 degrees. Isamente esetyenziswa kulwakhiwo kufuneka kudlule uvavanyo lwepropati ebonakalayo elabhoratri ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokwakha kanye, kwaye isixa kanye isamente kwikhonkrithi akufanele idlule 500 kilogram cubic meter nganye, kwaye kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokungqongqo ngokungqinelana. ngemigangatho echaziweyo.

2. Ukhetho oludityanisiweyo

Kukho iinketho ezimbini zokwenyani zokudityaniswa. Zimbini iindidi zeeaggregates, enye yintlalutye kwaye enye ilitye eliqhekeziweyo. Kweyona nkqubo yokwakha, igrabile yengqalutye kufuneka ibe lukhetho lokuqala. Ubungakanani be-particle ye-aggregate kufuneka ibe phakathi kwe-0.1667 kunye ne-0.125 ye-conduit, kwaye umgama omncinci ukusuka kwintsimbi yentsimbi kufuneka ube ngu-0.25, kwaye ubungakanani beengqungquthela kufuneka buqinisekiswe ukuba bungaphakathi kwe-40 mm. Umlinganiselo womgangatho orhabaxa kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba ikhonkrithi iyakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle, kwaye iaggregate ecolekileyo kukhethwa ukuba ibe yigrabile ephakathi kunye nerhabaxa. Amathuba okwenene omxholo wesanti kwikhonkrithi kufuneka abe phakathi kwe-9/20 kunye ne-1/2. Umlinganiselo wamanzi kuthuthu kufuneka ube phakathi kwe 1/2 kunye ne 3/5.

3. Ukuphucula ukusebenza

Ukuze ukwandise ukusebenza kwekhonkrithi, Musa ukongeza ezinye ii-admixtures kwikhonkrithi. Imixube ekhonkrithi esetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lwangaphantsi kwamanzi ibandakanya ukucuthwa kwamanzi, ukucotha kokukhululwa kunye nee-arhente zokomeleza imbalela. Ukuba ufuna ukongeza i-admixtures kwikhonkrithi, kuya kufuneka uqhube iimvavanyo ukumisela uhlobo, isixa kunye nenkqubo yokongezwa.

Ngamafutshane, umlinganiselo womxube wekhonkrithi kufuneka ulungele ukuthululelwa ngaphantsi kwamanzi kwi-conduit. Umlinganiselo womxube wekhonkrithi kufuneka ulungele ukwenzela ukuba ube neplastiki eyaneleyo kunye nokudibanisa, ukukhupha kakuhle kwi-conduit ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthululela kwaye ayifuni ukuhlukana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, xa amandla ekhonkrithi ephantsi kwamanzi ephezulu, ukuqina kwekhonkrithi kuya kuba kuhle. Ngoko ukusuka kumandla esamente Umgangatho wekhonkrithi kufuneka uqinisekiswe ngokuqwalasela ibakala lekhonkrithi, umlinganiselo opheleleyo weyona mali yesamente kunye namanzi, ukusebenza kwezongezelelo ezahlukeneyo ze-doping, njl. phezulu kunamandla ayiliweyo. Ixesha lokuxuba ikhonkrithi kufuneka lifaneleke kwaye ukudibanisa kufuneka kube yinto efanayo. Ukuba ukuxutywa kungalingani okanye ukuvuza kwamanzi kwenzeka ngexesha lokuxutywa kwekhonkrithi kunye nokuthuthwa, i-concrete fluidity ayilunganga kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa.

“Iimfuno zokugalela ubuninzi bokuqala

Ubuninzi bokuqala bokuthululelwa kwekhonkrithi kufuneka buqinisekise ukuba ubunzulu bombhobho ongcwatywe kwikhonkrithi emva kokuba ikhonkrithi igalelwe ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-1.0m, ukwenzela ukuba ikholamu yekhonkrithi kwi-conduit kunye noxinzelelo lodaka ngaphandle kombhobho lulungelelene. Ubuninzi bokuqala bokugalela ikhonkrithi kufuneka bugqitywe ngokubala ngokwale fomula ilandelayo.

V=π/4(d 2h1+kD 2h2)

Apho u-V ngumthamo wokuqala wekhonkrithi wokugalela, m3;

I-h1 bubude obufunekayo kwikholamu yekhonkrithi kwi-conduit ukulinganisa uxinzelelo kunye nodaka ngaphandle kombhobho:

h1=(h-h2)γw /γc, m;

h bubunzulu bokomba, m;

I-h2 bubude bomgangatho wekhonkrithi ngaphandle kombhobho emva kokugalelwa kwekhonkrithi yokuqala, eyi-1.3～1.8m;

γw kukuxinana kodaka, okuyi-11～12kN/m3;

γc bubuninzi bekhonkrithi, obuyi-23～24kN/m3;

d yi-diameter yangaphakathi ye-conduit, m;

D yingqumba yomngxuma ububanzi, m;

k ngumlinganiso wokuzalisa ikhonkrithi, ongu-k =1.1～1.3.

Umthamo wokuqala wokugalela ubaluleke kakhulu kumgangatho wemfumba yokuphosa. Umthamo wokuqala wokuthulula onengqiqo awunakuqinisekisa kuphela ukwakhiwa okugudileyo, kodwa kwakhona uqinisekise ukuba ubunzulu bombhobho ongcwatywe wekhonkrithi uhlangabezana neemfuno emva kokuba i-funnel izaliswe. Ngelo xesha, ukugalelwa kokuqala kunokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo umthamo wokuthwala isiseko semfumba ngokugungxula intlenga ezantsi komngxuma kwakhona, ngoko ke umthamo wokuqala wokugalela kufuneka ufuneke ngokungqongqo.

“Ukulawula isantya

Okokuqala, hlalutya indlela yokuguqula amandla okuhambisa ubunzima bomzimba wengqumba kumaleko womhlaba. Ukudityaniswa komhlaba wengqumba yeengqumba ezikruqukileyo kuqala ukumila xa kugalelwa ikhonkrithi yomzimba wengqumba. Ikhonkrithi yokuqala egalelwe ngokuthe ngcembe iba xineneyo, icinezelwe, kwaye ihleli phantsi koxinzelelo lwekhonkrithi ethululwayo kamva. Oku kufuduswa xa kuthelekiswa nomhlaba kuxhomekeke ekuxhathiseni phezulu komaleko womhlaba ojikelezileyo, kwaye ubunzima bomzimba wemfumba bugqithiselwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumaleko womhlaba ngale ndlela yokuxhathisa. Kwiimfumba ngokugalela ngokukhawuleza, xa yonke ikhonkrithi igalelwe, nangona ikhonkrithi ingekaqalisi ukusetwa, ichaphazeleka ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ixinzelelwe ngexesha lokugalela kwaye ingene kwiindawo ezijikelezayo zomhlaba. Ngeli xesha, ikhonkrithi ihluke kumanzi aqhelekileyo, kwaye ukunamathela kumhlaba kunye nokumelana kwayo kwe-shear kuye kwakha ukuchasana; ngelixa iimfumba ngokugalela kancinci, ekubeni ikhonkrithi isondele kulungiselelo lokuqala, ukuchasana phakathi kwayo kunye nodonga lomhlaba kuya kuba kukhulu.

Umyinge we-deadweight yeemfumba ezibhokile ezidluliselwe kumaleko omhlaba ojikelezileyo uhambelana ngqo nesantya sokugalela. Isantya esikhawulezayo sokugalela, sincinci umlinganiselo wobunzima obudluliselwe kumaleko womhlaba ojikeleze imfumba; Isantya sokugalela sicotha, kokukhona ubungakanani bobunzima obugqithiselwe kumaleko womhlaba ojikeleze imfumba. Ke ngoko, ukunyusa isantya sokugalela akudlalanga nje indima elungileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukufana kwekhonkrithi yengqumba yomzimba, kodwa ikwavumela ubunzima bomzimba wemfumba ukuba ugcinwe ngaphezulu ezantsi kwemfumba, ukunciphisa umthwalo wokuxhathisa ukukhuhlana. ejikeleze imfumba, kwaye amandla reaction emazantsi imfumba kunqabile zisetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo ukusetyenziswa, nto leyo edlala indima ethile ekuphuculeni imeko yoxinzelelo isiseko imfumba kunye nokuphucula isiphumo ukusetyenziswa.

Ukuziqhelanisa kubonakalise ukuba ukukhawuleza kunye nokugudiswa komsebenzi wokuthululwa kwemfumba, ungcono umgangatho wemfumba; ukulibaziseka ngakumbi, iingozi ezinokwenzeka ziya kwenzeka, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukufezekisa ukuthululwa ngokukhawuleza nokuqhubekayo.

Ixesha lokuthulula lemfumba nganye lilawulwa ngokwexesha lokuqala lokumisela ikhonkrithi yokuqala, kwaye i-retarder inokongezwa kwisixa esifanelekileyo ukuba kuyimfuneko.

“Lawula ubunzulu obungcwatyiweyo bomjelo

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuthulula ikhonkrithi engaphantsi kwamanzi, ukuba ubunzulu bombhobho ongcwatywe kwikhonkrithi buphakathi, ikhonkrithi iya kusasazeka ngokulinganayo, ibe nobuninzi obuhle, kwaye ubuso bayo buya kuba tye; ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba ikhonkrithi isasazeka ngokungalinganiyo, i-slope yomhlaba inkulu, kulula ukusabalalisa kunye nokwahlula, okuchaphazela umgangatho, ngoko ubunzulu obubambekayo obungcwatywayo be-conduit kufuneka ilawulwe ukuqinisekisa umgangatho womzimba wemfumba.

Ubunzulu obungcwatyiweyo bombhobho bukhulu kakhulu okanye buncinci, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela umgangatho wemfumba. Xa ubunzulu obungcwatywe buncinci kakhulu, ikhonkrithi iya kubhukuqa ngokulula indawo yekhonkrithi emngxunyeni kwaye iqengqeleke kwintlenga, ibangele udaka okanye iimfumba ezaphukileyo. Kwakhona kulula ukutsala umbhobho ngaphandle kwendawo yekhonkrithi ngexesha lokusebenza; xa ubunzulu obungcwatywe bukhulu kakhulu, uxhathiso lokuphakamisa ikhonkrithi lukhulu kakhulu, kwaye ikhonkrithi ayikwazi ukutyhala phezulu ngokunxuseneyo, kodwa ityhala nje inyuke ngodonga olungaphandle lombhobho ukuya kwindawo engaphezulu kwaye emva koko idlulele kwindawo engaphezulu. macala amane. Le eddy current ikwalula ukuqengqeleka intlenga ejikeleze ingqumba yomzimba, ukuvelisa isangqa sekhonkrithi esezantsi, echaphazela ukomelela kwengqumba yomzimba. Ukongeza, xa ubunzulu obungcwatyiweyo bukhulu, ikhonkrithi ephezulu ayishukumi ixesha elide, ilahleko yokudilika inkulu, kwaye kulula ukubangela iingozi zokuqhekeka kweemfumba ezibangelwa kukuvalwa kwemibhobho. Ngoko ke, ubunzulu obungcwatyiweyo bombhobho bulawulwa ngokubanzi phakathi kweemitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-6, kwaye kwiimfumba ezinobubanzi obukhulu kunye nobude obude, bunokulawulwa ngaphakathi koluhlu lweemitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-8. Inkqubo yokugalela kufuneka iphakanyiswe rhoqo kwaye isuswe, kwaye ukuphakama kwendawo yekhonkrithi emngxunyeni kufuneka kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokususa umbhobho.

“Lawula ixesha lokucoca umngxuma

Emva kokuba umngxuma ugqityiwe, inkqubo elandelayo kufuneka iqhutywe ngexesha. Emva kokuba ukucocwa komngxuma wesibini kwamkelwe, ukugalelwa kwekhonkrithi kufuneka kuqhutywe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ixesha lokumisa akufanele libe lide kakhulu. Ukuba ixesha lokuma lide kakhulu, amasuntswana aqinileyo eludakeni aya kubambelela kudonga lomngxuma ukwenza ulusu lodaka olushinyeneyo ngenxa yokungena okuthile komgangatho womhlaba wodonga lomngxuma. Ulusu lodaka luxutywe phakathi kwekhonkrithi kunye nodonga lomhlaba ngexesha lokugalela ikhonkrithi, enefuthe lokuthambisa kunye nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwekhonkrithi kunye nodonga lomhlaba. Ukongeza, ukuba udonga lomhlaba lufakwe eludakeni ixesha elide, ezinye iimpawu zomhlaba ziya kutshintsha. Ezinye iileya zomhlaba zinokudumba kwaye amandla ayancipha, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukuthwala umthamo wengqumba. Ngoko ke, ngexesha lokwakha, iimfuno zeenkcazo kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungqongqo, kwaye ixesha elivela ekubunjweni komngxuma ukuya ekuthululeni ikhonkrithi kufuneka lifinyezwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Emva kokuba umngxuma uhlanjululwe kwaye ufanelekile, ikhonkrithi kufuneka igalelwe ngokukhawuleza kwimizuzu engama-30.

“Lawula umgangatho wekonkile kumphezulu wengqumba

Ekubeni umthwalo ongaphezulu ugqithiswa phezulu kwimfumba, amandla ekhonkrithi phezulu kwimfumba kufuneka ahlangabezane neemfuno zokuyila. Xa ugalela kufuphi nokuphakama komphezulu wemfumba, isixa sokugqibela sokugalela kufuneka silawulwe, kwaye ukudilika kwekhonkrithi kunokuncitshiswa ngokufanelekileyo ukuze ukugalelwa ngaphezulu kwekhonkrithi kumphezulu wengqumba kuphezulu kunokuphakama okulungiselelweyo. womphezulu wemfumba ngedayamitha yemfumba enye, ukuze iimfuno zomphakamo woyilo zinokufezekiswa emva kokuba umaleko oludaka oludadayo kumphezulu wengqumba lususiwe, kunye nokomelela kwekhonkrithi kumphezulu wengqumba kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane noyilo. iimfuno. Umphakamo wokugalela ngaphezulu kobubanzi obukhulu kunye neemfumba ezinde ezongezelelweyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokubanzi ngokusekwe kubude bengqumba kunye nedayamitha yengqumba, kwaye kufuneka ibenkulu kunolo lweemfumba eziqhelekileyo eziphoswe kwindawo, kuba ubukhulu bobubanzi kunye nobude obude. iimfumba zithatha ixesha elide ukugalela, kunye nentlenga kunye nodaka oludadayo ziqokelelana zityebe, nto leyo ethintela intambo yokulinganisa ukuba ingabinzima ukuyigweba ngokuchanekileyo umphezulu wodaka olungqindilili okanye ikhonkrithi kwaye ibangele ukungalinganisi kakuhle. Xa ukhupha icandelo lokugqibela letyhubhu yesikhokelo, isantya sokutsala kufuneka sicothe ukunqanda udaka olungqindilili oluphezu kwengqumba ukuba lungacudi kwaye lwenze “isiseko sodaka”.

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuthululelwa kwekhonkrithi engaphantsi kwamanzi, kukho izixhumanisi ezininzi ezifanelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho weemfumba. Ngethuba lokucocwa komngxuma wesibini, izibonakaliso zokusebenza zodaka kufuneka zilawulwe. Ubuninzi bodaka kufuneka bube phakathi kwe-1.15 kunye ne-1.25 ngokwemigangatho yomhlaba eyahlukeneyo, umxholo wesanti kufuneka ube ngu-≤8%, kwaye i-viscosity kufuneka ibe yi-≤28s; ubukhulu be-sediment phantsi komngxuma kufuneka bulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuthululelwa, kwaye ukugalela kunokwenziwa kuphela xa kuhambelana neemfuno zokuyila; ukudityaniswa kombhobho kufuneka kube ngokuthe tye kwaye kutywinwe, kwaye i-conduit kufuneka ihlolwe uxinzelelo ngaphambi nangemva kokusetyenziswa kwexesha elithile. Uxinzelelo olusetyenziselwa uvavanyo loxinzelelo lusekelwe kuxinzelelo oluphezulu olunokuthi lwenzeke ngexesha lokwakhiwa, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo kufuneka kufikelele kwi-0.6-0.9MPa; ngaphambi kokugalela, ukwenzela ukuba isithinteli samanzi sikhutshwe kakuhle, umgama phakathi komzantsi we-conduit kunye nomzantsi womngxuma kufuneka ulawulwe kwi-0. 3 ~ 0.5m. Kwiimfumba ezinomlinganiselo oqhelekileyo ongaphantsi kwama-600, umgama phakathi komzantsi we-conduit kunye nezantsi komngxuma unokunyuswa ngokufanelekileyo; Ngaphambi kokugalela ikhonkrithi, i-0.1 ~ 0.2m3 ye-1: 1.5 udaka lwesamente kufuneka lugalelwe kwi-funnel kuqala, kwaye emva koko kufuneka kugalelwe ikhonkrithi.

Ukongezelela, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthulula, xa ikhonkrithi kwi-conduit ingagcwali kwaye umoya ungena, ikhonkrithi elandelayo kufuneka ifakwe ngokukhawuleza kwi-funnel kunye ne-conduit ngokusebenzisa i-chute. Ikhonkrithi akufanele igalelwe kwi-conduit ukusuka phezulu ukuze igweme ukwenza isikhwama somoya esiphezulu kwi-conduit, ukukhupha iipads zeerubha phakathi kwamacandelo ombhobho kunye nokubangela ukuvuza kombhobho. Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuthulula, umntu ozinikeleyo kufuneka alinganise ukuphakama komgangatho wekhonkrithi emngxunyeni, agcwalise irekhodi lokuthulula i-concrete engaphantsi kwamanzi, kwaye abhale zonke iimpazamo ngexesha lokuthulula.

“Iingxaki eziqhelekileyo nezisombululo

1. Udaka namanzi kumjelo

Udaka kunye namanzi kumjelo osetyenziselwa ukugalela ikhonkrithi ephantsi kwamanzi ikwayingxaki eqhelekileyo yomgangatho wokwakha ekwakhiweni kweemfumba ezifakwe kwindawo. Into ephambili kukuba xa ugalela ikhonkrithi, udaka lukhupha kwi-conduit, ikhonkrithi ingcolile, amandla ayancipha, kwaye i-interlayers yenziwe, ibangela ukuvuza. Ibangelwa ikakhulu zezi zizathu zilandelayo.

I-1) Ukugcinwa kwebhetshi yokuqala yekhonkrithi akwanelanga, okanye nangona ukugcinwa kwekhonkrithi kwanele, umgama phakathi komzantsi we-conduit kunye nomzantsi womngxuma mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye umzantsi wombhobho awukwazi ukungcwatywa emva kokugqiba. ikhonkrithi iyawa, ukuze udaka namanzi zingene ukusuka ezantsi.

2) Ubunzulu bombhobho ofakwe kwikhonkrithi akwanele, ukwenzela ukuba udaka luxutywe kwi-conduit.

I-3) I-conduit joint ayiqinanga, i-rubber pad phakathi kwamalungu igxininiswe evulekileyo nge-airbag ephezulu yoxinzelelo lwe-conduit, okanye i-weld iphukile, kwaye amanzi ageleza kwi-joint okanye weld. I-conduit ikhutshwe kakhulu, kwaye udaka lufakwe kumbhobho.

Ukuze ugweme udaka kunye namanzi ukungena kwi-conduit, amanyathelo ahambelanayo kufuneka athathwe kwangaphambili ukukhusela. Amanyathelo okuthintela angundoqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

1) Ubungakanani bebhetshi yokuqala yekhonkrithi kufuneka igqitywe ngokubala, kwaye ubuninzi obaneleyo kunye namandla aphantsi kufuneka agcinwe ukukhupha udaka ngaphandle kombhobho.

2) Umlomo we-conduit kufuneka ugcinwe kumgama ongekho ngaphantsi kwe-300 mm ukuya kwi-500 mm ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-groove.

3) Ubunzulu bombhobho ofakwe kwikhonkrithi kufuneka bugcinwe bungekho ngaphantsi kwe-2.0 m.

4) Nika ingqalelo ekulawuleni isantya sokugalela ngexesha lokugalela, kwaye kaninzi sebenzisa isando (iwotshi) ukulinganisa indawo yokunyuka kwekhonkrithi. Ngokobude obulinganisiweyo, misela isantya kunye nokuphakama kokukhupha ityhubhu yesikhokelo.

Ukuba amanzi (udaka) angena kumbhobho wesikhokelo ngexesha lokwakha, imbangela yengozi kufuneka ifunyanwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye iindlela zonyango ezilandelayo kufuneka zamkelwe.

1) Ukuba kubangelwa izizathu zokuqala okanye zesibini ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ukuba ubunzulu bekhonkrithi ephantsi komsele bungaphantsi kwe-0.5 m, isivalo samanzi sinokuphinda sibekwe ukugalela ikhonkrithi. Ngaphandle koko, ityhubhu yesikhokelo kufuneka ikhutshwe, ikhonkrithi ephantsi komsele kufuneka ikhutshwe ngomatshini wokufunxa umoya, kwaye ikhonkrithi kufuneka iphinde igalelwe; okanye ityhubhu yesikhokelo enesigqubuthelo esisezantsi esisuswayo kufuneka ifakwe kwikhonkrithi kwaye ikhonkrithi kufuneka igalelwe kwakhona.

2) Ukuba kubangelwa isizathu sesithathu, ityhubhu yesikhokelo sodaka kufuneka ikhutshwe kwaye iphinde ifakwe kwikhonkrithi malunga ne-1 m, kwaye udaka kunye namanzi kwi-tube yesikhokelo sodaka kufuneka ikhutshwe kwaye ikhutshwe ngodaka lodaka. impompo, kwaye ke iplagi engangeni manzi kufuneka yongezwe ukugalela kwakhona ikhonkrithi. Kwikhonkrithi egayiweyo kwakhona, idosi yesamente kufuneka inyuswe kwiiplate ezimbini zokuqala. Emva kokuba ikhonkrithi igalelwe ityhubhu yesikhokelo, ityhubhu yesikhokelo kufuneka iphakanyiswe kancinci, kwaye iplagi engezantsi kufuneka icinezelwe ngaphandle kwe-deadweight yekhonkrithi entsha, kwaye ke ukugalela kufuneka kuqhubeke.

2. Ukuvalwa kwemibhobho

Ngethuba lenkqubo yokuthulula, ukuba ikhonkrithi ayikwazi ukuhla kwi-conduit, ibizwa ngokuba yi-pipe blocking. Kukho iimeko ezimbini zokuvala umbhobho.

1) Xa ikhonkrithi iqala ukugalelwa, isithinteli samanzi sinamathele kumbhobho, obangela ukuphazamiseka kwexeshana lokuthulula. Izizathu zezi: isithinteli samanzi (ibhola) asenziwanga kwaye sicutshungulwe ngobungakanani obuqhelekileyo, ukuphambuka kobungakanani kukhulu kakhulu, kwaye kufakwe kwi-conduit kwaye ayikwazi ukukhutshwa; ngaphambi kokuba i-conduit ithotywe, i-concrete slurry eseleyo eludongeni lwangaphakathi ayicocwanga ngokupheleleyo; ukudilika kwekhonkrithi kukhulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kakubi, kwaye isanti icinezelwe phakathi kwesithinteli samanzi (ibhola) kunye nomjelo, ukuze isithinteli samanzi singakwazi ukuhla.

2) Umbhobho wekhonkrithi uvalwe ngekhonkrithi, ikhonkrithi ayikwazi ukuhla, kwaye kunzima ukuthulula kakuhle. Izizathu zezi: umgama phakathi komlomo we-conduit kunye nomzantsi womngxuma uncinci kakhulu okanye ufakwe kwi-sediment ephantsi komngxuma, okwenza kube nzima ukuba ikhonkrithi ikhutshwe phantsi kombhobho; impembelelo ephantsi yekhonkrithi ayinelanga okanye i-concrete yekhonkrithi incinci kakhulu, ubukhulu beqhekeza lelitye bukhulu kakhulu, umlinganiselo wesanti uncinci kakhulu, umbane umpofu, kwaye ikhonkrithi kunzima ukuwa; ikhefu phakathi kokugalela kunye nokutya lide kakhulu, ikhonkrithi iba ngqindilili, i-fluidity iyancipha, okanye iye yaqina.

Kwezi meko zimbini zingasentla, hlalutya izizathu zokwenzeka kwazo kwaye uthathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuthintela, njengokucutshungulwa kunye nobungakanani bokuvelisa isithinteli samanzi kufuneka sihlangabezane neemfuno, umjelo kufuneka ucocwe ngaphambi kokugalelwa ikhonkrithi, umgangatho wokuxuba kunye nexesha lokugalela. ikhonkrithi kufuneka ilawulwe ngokungqongqo, umgama phakathi kombhobho kunye nezantsi komngxuma kufuneka ubalwe, kwaye inani lekhonkrithi yokuqala kufuneka libalwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukuba ukuvaleka kombhobho kwenzeka, hlalutya unobangela wengxaki kwaye ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na uhlobo lokuvaleka kombhobho. Ezi ndlela zimbini zilandelayo zingasetyenziselwa ukujongana nohlobo lokuvala umbhobho: ukuba luhlobo lokuqala olukhankanywe ngasentla, lunokujongana ne-tamping (ukuvalwa okuphezulu), ukuphazamisa, kunye nokuqhaqha (ukuvala okuphakathi nangaphantsi). Ukuba luhlobo lwesibini, imivalo yentsimbi emide inokudityaniswa ukuze inqumle ikhonkrithi kumbhobho ukuze iwe ikhonkrithi. Ukuvaleka kombhobho omncinci, i-crane ingasetyenziselwa ukugubha intambo yombhobho kwaye ifake i-vibrator eqhotyoshelweyo emlonyeni wombhobho ukuze iwele ikhonkrithi. Ukuba ayinakukwazi ukuwa, umbhobho kufuneka ukhutshwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye uchithe icandelo ngecandelo, kwaye ikhonkrithi kumbhobho kufuneka ihlambuluke. Umsebenzi wokuthulula kufuneka uphinde wenziwe ngokwendlela ebangelwa isizathu sesithathu sokungena kwamanzi kumbhobho.

3. Umbhobho ongcwatywe

Umbhobho awukwazi ukutsalwa ngexesha lokuthulula okanye umbhobho awukwazi ukutsalwa emva kokugalelwa kugqityiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa umbhobho ongcwatywe, odla ngokubangelwa ukungcwatywa okunzulu kombhobho. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha lokugalela lide kakhulu, umbhobho awushukunyiswa ngexesha, okanye imivalo yensimbi kwi-cage yensimbi ayidityaniswanga ngokuqinileyo, kwaye umbhobho uyangqubana kwaye uhlakazeke ngexesha lokuxhoma kunye nokuthululelwa kwekhonkrithi, kwaye umbhobho unamathele. , ekwasisizathu sombhobho ongcwatywe.

Amanyathelo okuthintela: Xa ugalela ikhonkrithi engaphantsi kwamanzi, umntu okhethekileyo kufuneka abelwe ukulinganisa rhoqo ubunzulu obungcwatywe bombhobho kwikhonkrithi. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka ilawulwe ngaphakathi kwe-2 m ~ 6 m. Xa ugalela ikhonkrithi, i-conduit kufuneka ishukunyiswe kancinci ukukhusela umbhobho ukuba ungabambeleli kwikhonkrithi. Ixesha lokugalela ikhonkrithi kufuneka lifinyezwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba i-intermittently, i-conduit kufuneka itsalwe kubunzulu obuncinci bokungcwatywa. Ngaphambi kokunciphisa i-cage yensimbi, khangela ukuba i-welding iqinile kwaye akufanele kubekho i-welding evulekileyo. Xa i-cage yensimbi ifunyenwe ikhululekile ngexesha lokwehliswa kwe-conduit, kufuneka ilungiswe kwaye ifakwe ngokukhawuleza ngexesha.

Ukuba ingozi yombhobho engcwatyiweyo yenzeke, i-conduit kufuneka iphakanyiswe ngokukhawuleza nge-crane enkulu ye-tonnage. Ukuba umjelo awukakwazi ukutsalwa, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okutsalwa ngenkani komjelo, kwaye ke ujongane nawo ngendlela efanayo nengqumba eqhekekileyo. Ukuba ikhonkrithi ayithanga yaqina kwaye ubumanzi khange bunciphe xa umjelo ungcwatywa, intsalela yodaka ephezu komhlaba wekonkile inokufunxa ngempompo yokufunxa udaka, emva koko umjelo unokuphinda wehliswe kwaye uphinde- ugalelwe ngekhonkrithi. Indlela yokwelapha ngexesha lokuthulula ifana nesizathu sesithathu samanzi kumbhobho.

4. Ukugalelwa okungonelanga

Ukugalelwa okungonelanga kukwabizwa ngokuba yimfumba emfutshane. Isizathu kukuba: emva kokugalelwa kugqityiwe, ngenxa yokuwa komlomo womngxuma okanye ubunzima obuninzi bodaka kumphezulu osezantsi, i-slurry residue inzima kakhulu. Abasebenzi bokwakha abazange balinganise umphezulu wekhonkrithi ngehamile, kodwa ngempazamo bacinga ukuba ikhonkrithi yayigalelwe kumphakamo oyilelweyo womphezulu wengqumba, okubangele ingozi ebangelwe kukugalelwa kwemfumba emfutshane.

Amanyathelo okuthintela abandakanya le miba ilandelayo.

1) Umgodi womlomo womngxuma kufuneka ungcwatywe ngokuhambelana ngqongqo kunye neemfuno zenkcazo yokuthintela ukudilika komlomo womngxuma, kwaye isenzeko sokudilika komlomo womngxuma kufuneka kujongwe ngexesha ngexesha lenkqubo yokomba.

2) Emva kokuba imfumba ibhokile, i-sediment kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba ubukhulu be-sediment buhlangabezana neemfuno zenkcazo.

3) Lawula ngokungqongqo ubunzima bodaka lokukhuselwa kodonga lokomba ukuze ubunzima bodaka bulawulwa phakathi kwe-1.1 kunye ne-1.15, kunye nobunzima bodaka ngaphakathi kwe-500 mm ezantsi komngxuma phambi kokugalela ikhonkrithi kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-1.25, umxholo wesanti ≤ I-8%, kunye ne-viscosity ≤28s.

Indlela yonyango ixhomekeke kwimeko ethile. Ukuba akukho manzi aphantsi komhlaba, intloko yemfumba inokugrunjwa, intloko yemfumba edadayo edadayo kunye nomhlaba unokucolwa ngesandla ukuze uveze ikhonkco elitsha lekhonkrithi, kwaye ke iformwork inokuxhaswa udibaniso lwengqumba; ukuba kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, i-casing inokwandiswa kwaye ingcwatywe i-50 cm ngaphantsi komgangatho wekhonkrithi wokuqala, kwaye impompo yodaka ingasetyenziselwa ukukhupha udaka, ukususa inkunkuma, kwaye emva koko ucoce intloko yemfumba yokudibanisa imfumba.

5. Iimfumba ezaphukileyo

Uninzi lwazo ziziphumo zesibini ezibangelwa zezi ngxaki zingasentla. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokucocwa komngxunya okungaphelelanga okanye ixesha elide lokugalela, ibhetshi yokuqala yekhonkrithi iye yamiselwa ekuqaleni kwaye i-fluidity iye yancipha, kwaye i-concrete eqhubekayo iqhekeza umaleko ophezulu kwaye iphakame, ngoko kuya kubakho udaka kunye ne-slag. Imigangatho emibini yekhonkrithi, kwaye yonke imfumba iya kuxutywa ngodaka kunye ne-slag ukwenza imfumba eyaphukileyo. Ukuthintela kunye nokulawulwa kweemfumba eziphukileyo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba wenze umsebenzi omhle ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni ezi ngxaki zingentla. Kwimfumba ezaphukileyo ezenzekileyo, kufuneka zifundwe kunye nesebe elinobuchule, iyunithi yoyilo, ulongamelo lobunjineli kunye neyunithi yobunkokheli obuphezulu beyunithi yokwakha ukucebisa iindlela ezisebenzayo nezinokwenzeka zonyango.

Ngokwamava adlulileyo, iindlela zonyango ezilandelayo zingamkelwa ukuba iimfumba eziphukileyo zenzeka.

1) Emva kokuba imfumba iphukile, ukuba i-cage yensimbi ingakhutshwa, kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye emva koko umngxuma kufuneka uqhutywe kwakhona nge-drill drill. Emva kokuba umngxuma uhlanjululwe, i-cage yensimbi kufuneka ithotywe kwaye ikhonkrithi kufuneka iphinde igalelwe.

2) Ukuba imfumba yaphukile ngenxa yokuvaleka kombhobho kwaye ikhonkrithi ethululwayo ayizange iqine, emva kokuba i-conduit ikhutshiwe kwaye icociwe, indawo ephezulu yekhonkrithi ethululwayo ilinganiswa ngehamile kunye nomthamo wefunnel Umsele ubalwa ngokuchanekileyo. I-conduit ithotywa kwindawo eyi-10 cm ngaphezu kwendawo ephezulu yekhonkrithi egalelwe kwaye i-bladder yebhola yongezwa. Qhubeka ugalela ikhonkrithi. Xa ikhonkrithi kwi-funnel igcwalisa i-conduit, cinezela i-conduit ngaphantsi kwendawo ephezulu yekhonkrithi egalelwe, kwaye imfumba edibeneyo emanzi igqityiwe.

3) Ukuba imfumba yaphukile ngenxa yokudilika okanye umjelo awukwazi ukutsalwa ngaphandle, isicwangciso sokuncedisa imfumba sinokuphakanyiswa ngokubambisana neyunithi yoyilo ngokudibanisa nengxelo yokuphatha ingozi esemgangathweni, kwaye iimfumba zinokuxhaswa kumacala omabini imfumba yokuqala.

4) Ukuba imfumba ephukileyo ifunyenwe ngexesha lokuhlolwa komzimba wemfumba, imfumba yenziwe ngeli xesha, kwaye iyunithi inokudityaniswa ukuze ifunde indlela yonyango yokuqinisa i-grouting. Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha, nceda ujonge ulwazi olufanelekileyo lokuqinisa isiseko semfumba.