Ingxoxo Ngobunzima Nezinyathelo Zokuqaphela Ekwakhiweni Kwenqwaba Yamanzi Angaphansi Kwamanzi

Izinkinga zokwakha ezivamile

Ngenxa yesivinini sokwakha esisheshayo, ikhwalithi ezinzile kanye nomthelela omncane wezici zesimo sezulu, isisekelo senqwaba enesithukuthezi esingaphansi kwamanzi sesamukelwe kabanzi. Inqubo eyisisekelo yokwakha yezisekelo zenqwaba eyisithukuthezi: isakhiwo sokwakha, i-casing yokubeka, i-drilling rig endaweni, ukusula imbobo ephansi, i-ballast ye-cage yensimbi ekhulelwe, i-catheter yokugcina yokugcina, ukuthululela ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi nokususa imbobo, inqwaba. Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezinto ezithinta ikhwalithi yokuthela ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi, isixhumanisi sokulawula ikhwalithi yokwakha ngokuvamile siba iphuzu elinzima ekulawuleni ikhwalithi yesisekelo senqwaba enesithukuthezi esingaphansi kwamanzi.

Izinkinga ezivamile ekwakhiweni kokuthela ukhonkolo ngaphansi kwamanzi zihlanganisa: ukuvuza okukhulu komoya namanzi ku-catheter, nokuphuka kwenqwaba. Ukhonkolo, udaka noma i-capsule eyakha isakhiwo esinezingqimba ezivulekile sine-slurry interlayer entantayo, ebangela ngokuqondile ukuthi inqwaba iphuke, ithinte izinga likakhonkolo futhi ibangele ukuthi inqwaba ishiywe futhi yenziwe kabusha; ubude bomzila ogqitshwe kukhonkolo bujulile kakhulu, okwandisa ukungqubuzana okuzungezile futhi kwenza kube nzima ukukhipha i-conduit ngaphandle, okuholela ekuphuleni inqwaba, okwenza ukuthululwa kungabi bushelelezi, okwenza ukhonkolo ngaphandle komsele uphume. ukulahlekelwa uketshezi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi iwohloke; ukusebenza kanye nokuwa kokhonkolo onokuqukethwe kwesihlabathi esiphansi kanye nezinye izici kungase kubangele ukuthi umsele uvinjwe, okuholela emicu yokusakazwa ephukile. Uma uthela futhi, ukuchezuka kwesikhundla akusingathwa ngesikhathi, futhi i-interlayer ye-slurry entantayo izovela kukhonkolo, okubangela ukuphuka kwe-Pile; ngenxa yokwanda kwesikhathi sokulinda ukhonkolo, i-fluidity yekhonkrithi ngaphakathi kwepayipi iba yimbi kakhulu, ukuze ikhonkrithi ehlanganisiwe ayikwazi ukuthululwa ngokujwayelekile; i-casing nesisekelo akulungile, okuzobangela amanzi odongeni lwe-casing, okwenza umhlabathi ozungezile ucwiliswe futhi ikhwalithi yenqwaba ayikwazi ukuqinisekiswa; ngenxa yezizathu zangempela ze-geological kanye nokubhoboza okungalungile, kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukudilika kodonga lwembobo; ngenxa yephutha lokuhlolwa komgodi wokugcina noma ukuwa kwembobo engathi sína phakathi nenqubo, imvula elandelayo ngaphansi kwekheji yensimbi inkulu kakhulu, noma ukuphakama okuthululwayo akukho endaweni, okuholela enqwabeni ende; ngenxa yokunganaki kwabasebenzi noma ukusebenza okungalungile, ithubhu yokubona i-acoustic ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile, okuholela ekutholweni kwe-ultrasonic kwesisekelo senqwaba ayikwazi ukwenziwa ngokujwayelekile.

“I-mix ratio kakhonkolo kufanele ibe nenembile

1. Ukukhetha usimende

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Iningi likasimende elisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwethu jikelele liyi-silicate evamile kanye ne-silicate Cement. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokusetha sokuqala akufanele sibe ngaphambi kwamahora amabili nesigamu, futhi amandla aso kufanele abe ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-42.5. Usimende osetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kufanele uphumelele ukuhlolwa kwempahla ebonakalayo elabhorethri ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zokwakhiwa kwangempela, futhi inani langempela likasimende kukhonkolo akufanele lidlule amakhilogremu angu-500 nge-cubic meter ngayinye, futhi kufanele lisetshenziswe ngokuqinile ngokuvumelana. namazinga abekiwe.

2. Ukukhetha okuhlanganisiwe

Kunezinketho ezimbili zangempela zokuhlanganisa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamatshe ahlanganisiwe, eyodwa iyitshe elincane kanti enye iyitshe elichotshoziwe. Enqubweni yangempela yokwakha, amatshe amatshe kufanele abe yinketho yokuqala. Usayizi wangempela wezinhlayiyana we-aggregate kufanele ube phakathi kuka-0.1667 no-0.125 we-conduit, futhi ibanga elincane ukusuka kubha yensimbi kufanele libe ngu-0.25, futhi usayizi wezinhlayiyana kufanele uqinisekiswe ukuthi ungaphakathi kuka-40 mm. Isilinganiso sangempela sebanga se-aggregate eqinile kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi ukhonkolo unokusebenza kahle, futhi inhlanganisela enhle kungcono ibe yitshe eliphakathi nendawo neliqinile. Amathuba wangempela wokuqukethwe kwesihlabathi kukhonkolo kufanele abe phakathi kuka-9/20 no-1/2. Isilinganiso samanzi nomlotha kufanele sibe phakathi kuka-1/2 no-3/5.

3. Thuthukisa ukusebenza

Ukuze ukwandise ukusebenza kokhonkolo, Ungangezi ezinye izixube kukhonkolo. Izixube zikakhonkolo ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamanzi zibandakanya ukuncishiswa kwamanzi, ukudedela kancane kanye nama-ejenti aqinisa isomiso. Uma ufuna ukwengeza izixube kukhonkolo, kufanele wenze izivivinyo ukuze uthole uhlobo, inani kanye nenqubo yokwengeza.

Ngamafuphi, isilinganiso sokuxuba ukhonkolo kufanele sifanelekele ukuthululwa kwamanzi ngaphansi komsele. I-concrete mix ratio kufanele ifaneleke ukuze ibe ne-plasticity eyanele kanye nokuhlangana, i-fluidity enhle emgodini ngesikhathi sokuthulula futhi ayijwayele ukuhlukaniswa. Ngokuvamile, lapho amandla kakhonkolo angaphansi kwamanzi ephakeme, ukuqina kukakhonkolo nakho kuzoba kuhle. Ngakho kusukela emandleni usimende Izinga likakhonkolo kufanele liqinisekiswe ngokucabangela ibanga likakhonkolo, isilinganiso esiphelele senani langempela likasimende namanzi, ukusebenza kwezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene ze-doping, njll. Futhi uqinisekise ukuthi isilinganiso samandla ebanga lokukhonkolo kufanele sibe ephakeme kunamandla aklanyiwe. Isikhathi sokuxuba ukhonkolo kufanele sifanele futhi ukuxuba kufanele kube okufanayo. Uma ukuxutshwa kungalingani noma ukugeleza kwamanzi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuxutshwa nokuthutha ukhonkolo, uketshezi lwekhonkrithi lumpofu futhi alukwazi ukusetshenziswa.

“Izidingo zomthamo wokuqala wokuthela

Inani lokuqala lokuthulula likakhonkolo kufanele liqinisekise ukuthi ukujula komsele ogqitshwe kukhonkolo ngemva kokuthelwa kukakhonkolo kungabi ngaphansi kuka-1.0m, ukuze ikholomu kakhonkolo emseleni kanye nokucindezela kodaka ngaphandle kwepayipi kulinganiselwe. Inani lokuqala lokuthulula likakhonkolo kufanele linqunywe ngokubala ngokwefomula elandelayo.

V=π/4(d 2h1+kD 2h2)

Lapho u-V eyivolumu yokuqala yokuthulula ukhonkolo, m3;

U-h1 ubude obudingekayo kukholomu kakhonkolo epayipini ukuze kulinganiswe ingcindezi nodaka ngaphandle komsele:

h1=(h-h2)γw /γc, m;

h ukujula kokumba, m;

I-h2 ubude bendawo kakhonkolo ngaphandle komsele ngemva kokuthululwa kukakhonkolo kokuqala, okungu-1.3–1.8m;

γw ukuminyana kodaka, okungu-11～12kN/m3;

γc ukuminyana kukakhonkolo, okungu-23～24kN/m3;

d ububanzi bangaphakathi bomsele, m;

D ingububanzi bembobo yenqwaba, m;

k i-coefficient yokugcwalisa ukhonkolo, okungu-k =1.1～1.3.

Ivolumu yokuqala yokuthulula ibaluleke kakhulu kwikhwalithi yenqwaba ye-cast-in-place. Ivolumu yokuqala yokuthululela enengqondo ayikwazi nje ukuqinisekisa ukwakhiwa okubushelelezi, kodwa futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ukujula kwepayipi eligqitshiwe likakhonkolo lihlangabezana nezidingo ngemuva kokuba i-funnel igcwaliswe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthululwa kokuqala kungathuthukisa ngempumelelo umthamo wokuthwala wesisekelo senqwaba ngokukhuculula i-sediment phansi komgodi futhi, ngakho-ke umthamo wokuqala wokuthulula kufanele udingeke ngokuqinile.

“Ukulawula isivinini

Okokuqala, hlaziya indlela yokuguqula amandla enqwaba esisindo somzimba odlulisa ungqimba lomhlabathi. Ukusebenzelana kwenqwaba-yenhlabathi yezinqwaba ezibhokile kuqala ukwakheka lapho ukhonkolo womzimba wenqwaba uthelwa. Ukhonkolo wokuqala othululiwe kancane kancane uba minyene, ucindezelwe, futhi uzinze ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokhonkolo othelwe kamuva. Lokhu kugudluzwa okuhlobene nomhlabathi kungaphansi kokumelana okungaphezulu kwengqimba yenhlabathi ezungezile, futhi isisindo somzimba wenqwaba kancane kancane sidluliselwa ongqimbeni lwenhlabathi ngalokhu kumelana. Ngezinqwaba ezinokuthululwa okusheshayo, lapho konke ukhonkolo kuthululwa, nakuba ukhonkolo ungakaqalisi, uthinteka ngokuqhubekayo futhi uhlanganiswe ngesikhathi sokuthululela futhi ungena ezingqimbeni zomhlabathi ezizungezile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukhonkolo uhlukile emanzini ajwayelekile, futhi ukunamathela emhlabathini kanye nokumelana kwayo kwe-shear kuye kwakha ukumelana; kuyilapho izinqwaba ezinokuthululwa kancane, njengoba ukhonkolo useduze nokusetha kokuqala, ukumelana phakathi kwawo nodonga lomhlabathi kuzoba kukhulu.

Ingxenye ye-deadweight yenqwaba enesithukuthezi edluliselwe kungqimba lomhlabathi ozungezile ihlobene ngokuqondile nesivinini sokuthulula. Lapho isivinini sokuthulula sishesha, sincane isilinganiso sesisindo esidluliselwa ongqimbeni lwenhlabathi ezungeze inqwaba; ijubane lokuthulula lihamba kancane, sikhulu isilinganiso sesisindo esidluliselwa ongqimbeni lwenhlabathi ezungeze inqwaba. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa isivinini sokuthulula akugcini nje ukudlala indima enhle ekuqinisekiseni ukufana kokhonkolo womzimba wenqwaba, kodwa futhi kuvumela isisindo somzimba wenqwaba ukuba sigcinwe ngaphezulu phansi kwenqwaba, ukunciphisa umthwalo wokumelana nokungqubuzana. ezungeze inqwaba, futhi amandla okusabela angaphansi kwenqwaba awavamile ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi esizayo, okudlala indima ethile ekuthuthukiseni isimo sokucindezeleka kwesisekelo senqwaba kanye nokwenza ngcono umphumela wokusetshenziswa.

Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi ukushesha nokushelela komsebenzi wokuthulula kwenqwaba, kuba ngcono ikhwalithi yenqwaba; ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe, izingozi ezingenzeka kakhulu zizokwenzeka, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukufeza ukuthululwa okusheshayo nokuqhubekayo.

Isikhathi sokuthulula senqwaba ngayinye silawulwa ngokuvumelana nesikhathi sokuqala sokusetha ukhonkolo wokuqala, futhi i-retarder ingezwa ngenani elifanele uma kunesidingo.

“Lawula ukujula okugqitshwe komsele

Phakathi nenqubo yokuthulula ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi, uma ukujula komsele ongcwatshwe kukhonkolo kulinganiselwe, ukhonkolo uzosakazeka ngokulinganayo, ube nokuminyana okuhle, futhi ubuso bawo buyoba flat; ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ukhonkolo usakazeka ngokungalingani, umthambeko ongaphezulu mkhulu, kulula ukuhlakazeka nokuhlukanisa, okuthinta ikhwalithi, ngakho-ke ukujula okungcwatshwe okunengqondo komsele kufanele kulawulwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lomzimba wenqwaba.

Ukujula okungcwatshwe komsele kukhulu kakhulu noma kuncane kakhulu, okuzothinta ikhwalithi yenqwaba. Lapho ukujula okungcwatshwe kukuncane kakhulu, ukhonkolo uzogumbuqela kalula indawo kakhonkolo embobeni bese ugingqika enzika, kubangele udaka noma izinqwaba eziphukile. Kulula futhi ukudonsa umsele ngaphandle kokhonkolo ngesikhathi sokusebenza; lapho ukujula okungcwatshwe kukukhulu kakhulu, ukumelana nokuphakamisa ukhonkolo kukhulu kakhulu, futhi ukhonkolo awukwazi ukuphushela phezulu ngokuhambisana, kodwa uphushela phezulu odongeni olungaphandle lomsele ukuya endaweni engaphezulu bese udlulela phezulu. izinhlangothi ezine. Lo msinga ubuye ube lula ukugoqa inzika ezungeze umzimba wenqwaba, ukhiqize umbuthano wokhonkolo ophansi, othinta amandla omzimba wenqwaba. Ukwengeza, lapho ukujula okungcwatshwe kukhulu, ukhonkolo ongaphezulu awunyakazi isikhathi eside, ukulahlekelwa kwe-slump kukhulu, futhi kulula ukubangela izingozi zokuphuka kwenqwaba ezibangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi. Ngakho-ke, ukujula okungcwatshwe komsele ngokuvamile kulawulwa phakathi kwamamitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-6, futhi kuma-piles amakhulu nobude obungeziwe, kungalawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga lamamitha angu-3 kuya kwangu-8. Inqubo yokuthela kufanele iphakanyiswe njalo futhi isuswe, futhi ukuphakama kwendawo yekhonkrithi emgodini kufanele kulinganiswe ngokunembile ngaphambi kokukhipha umsele.

“Lawula isikhathi sokuhlanza imbobo

Ngemuva kokuthi umgodi usuqediwe, inqubo elandelayo kufanele yenziwe ngesikhathi. Ngemva kokuhlanzwa kwembobo yesibili kwamukelwe, ukuthululwa kukakhonkolo kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi isikhathi sokuma akumele sibe side kakhulu. Uma isikhathi sokuma siside kakhulu, izinhlayiya eziqinile odakeni zizonamathela odongeni lwembobo ukuze zenze isikhumba sodaka esiwugqinsi ngenxa yokungena okuthile kongqimba lwenhlabathi yembobo. Isikhumba sodaka sihlanganiswe phakathi kukakhonkolo nodonga lomhlabathi ngesikhathi sokuthela ukhonkolo, okunomthelela wokugcoba futhi kunciphisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kukakhonkolo nodonga lomhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma udonga lomhlabathi lufakwe odakeni isikhathi eside, ezinye izakhiwo zomhlabathi nazo zizoshintsha. Ezinye izingqimba zomhlabathi zingavuvukala futhi amandla azokwehla, okuzophinde kuthinte umthamo wokuthwala wenqwaba. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, izidingo zokucaciswa kufanele zilandelwe ngokuqinile, futhi isikhathi kusukela ekubunjweni kwemigodi ukuya ekuthululeni ukhonkolo kufanele sifinyezwe ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuthi umgodi uhlanjululwe futhi ufanelekile, ukhonkolo kufanele uthululwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka phakathi nemizuzu engama-30.

“Lawula izinga likakhonkolo phezulu enqwabeni

Njengoba umthwalo ongaphezulu udluliselwa phezulu kwenqwaba, amandla okhonkolo phezulu kwenqwaba kufanele ahlangabezane nezidingo zokuklama. Lapho uthela eduze nokuphakama kwenqwaba, inani lokugcina lokuthulula kufanele lilawulwe, futhi ukuwohloka kokhonkolo kungancishiswa ngokufanelekile ukuze ukuthululwa ngokweqile kukakhonkolo phezulu kwenqwaba kuphakeme kunokuphakama okuklanyelwe. kwenqwaba yenqwaba ngobubanzi benqwaba eyodwa, ukuze izidingo zokuphakama komklamo kuhlangatshezwane nazo ngemva kokususwa kongqimba oludakayo oluntantayo phezulu kwenqwaba, futhi amandla kakhonkolo phezulu kwenqwaba kufanele ahlangabezane nomklamo. izidingo. Ukuphakama okuthululwa ngokweqile kobubanzi obukhulu kanye nezinqwaba ezinde kakhulu kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele ngokusekelwe kubude benqwaba kanye nobubanzi benqwaba, futhi kufanele kube kukhulu kunaleyo yezinqwaba ezijwayelekile eziphonswa endaweni, ngoba ububanzi obukhulu futhi ubude obude. izinqwaba zithatha isikhathi eside ukuthululwa, futhi inzika nodaka oluntantayo kunqwabelana, okuvimbela intambo yokulinganisa ekubeni nzima ukwahlulela ngokunembile ubuso bodaka oluwugqinsi noma ukhonkolo futhi kubangele ukungalinganisi kahle. Lapho ukhipha ingxenye yokugcina yeshubhu eliqondisayo, isivinini sokudonsa kufanele sihambe kancane ukuze kuvinjwe udaka oluwugqinsi oluphezu kwenqwaba ukuba lungangeni futhi lwenze “inkaba yodaka”.

Phakathi nenqubo yokuthulula ukhonkolo ngaphansi kwamanzi, kunezixhumanisi eziningi ezifanele ukunakwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yezinqwaba. Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza imbobo yesibili, izinkomba zokusebenza zodaka kufanele zilawulwe. Ubuningi bodaka kufanele bube phakathi kuka-1.15 no-1.25 ngokusho kwezingqimba zomhlabathi ezihlukene, okuqukethwe kwesihlabathi kufanele kube ≤8%, futhi i-viscosity kufanele ibe ≤28s; ukuqina kwe-sediment phansi komgodi kufanele kulinganiswe ngokunembile ngaphambi kokuthululwa, futhi ukuthululwa kungenziwa kuphela uma kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuklama; ukuxhuma komsele kufanele kuqonde futhi kuvalwe, futhi umgudu kufanele uhlolwe ingcindezi ngaphambi nangemva kokusetshenziswa isikhathi esithile. Ukucindezela okusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi kusekelwe ekucindezelweni okuphezulu okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, futhi ukumelana nokucindezela kufanele kufinyelele ku-0.6-0.9MPa; ngaphambi kokuthulula, ukuze uvumele isivalo samanzi sikhishwe ngokushelelayo, ibanga eliphakathi kwendawo engaphansi komsele kanye nephansi lembobo kufanele lilawulwe ku-0. 3～0.5m. Ngezinqwaba ezinobubanzi obujwayelekile obungaphansi kwama-600, ibanga eliphakathi kwe-conduit nephansi lomgodi lingandiswa ngokufanelekile; ngaphambi kokuthela ukhonkolo, i-0.1 ~ 0.2m3 ka-1: 1.5 udaka lukasimende kufanele luthelwe kufaneli kuqala, bese kuthelwa ukhonkolo.

Ukwengeza, phakathi nenqubo yokuthulula, lapho ukhonkolo emseleni ungagcwele futhi kungena umoya, ukhonkolo olandelayo kufanele ujovwe kancane kancane ku-funnel futhi uhambe nge-chute. Ukhonkolo akufanele uthululelwe ku-conduit kusuka phezulu ukuze ugweme ukwenza isikhwama somoya esiphezulu emseleni, ucindezela amapayipi enjoloba phakathi kwezigaba zamapayipi futhi ubangele ukuvuza kwepayipi. Ngesikhathi sokuthulula, umuntu ozinikele kufanele alinganise ukuphakama kokhonkolo emgodini, agcwalise irekhodi lokuthulula ukhonkolo ngaphansi kwamanzi, futhi abhale wonke amaphutha ngesikhathi sokuthulula.

“Izinkinga ezijwayelekile nezisombululo

1. Udaka namanzi kumsele

Udaka namanzi epayipini elisetshenziselwa ukuthela ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi nakho kuyinkinga evamile yekhwalithi yokwakha ekwakhiweni kwezinqwaba ezifakwe endaweni. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi lapho uthela ukhonkolo, udaka lugeleza emseleni, ukhonkolo ungcolile, amandla ayancipha, futhi ama-interlayers akhiwa, okubangela ukuvuza. Ibangelwa ikakhulukazi yizizathu ezilandelayo.

I-1) Indawo egciniwe yeqoqo lokuqala likakhonkolo ayanele, noma nakuba indawo yokugcina ukhonkolo yanele, ibanga eliphakathi kwe-conduit nephansi lomgodi likhulu kakhulu, futhi phansi komsele awukwazi ukungcwatshwa ngemva kwalokho. ukhonkolo uyawa, ukuze kungene udaka namanzi kusuka phansi.

I-2) Ukujula komsele ofakwe kukhonkolo akwanele, ukuze udaka luxutshwe emseleni.

I-3) I-conduit joint ayiqinile, i-rubber pad phakathi kwamalungu igxiliwe ivuliwe yi-airbag ephezulu yokucindezela kwe-conduit, noma i-weld iphukile, futhi amanzi ageleza ehlangene noma e-weld. Ipayipi likhishwa kakhulu, futhi udaka lufakwa epayipini.

Ukuze ugweme ukungena kodaka namanzi emseleni, izinyathelo ezihambisanayo kufanele zithathwe kusengaphambili ukuze kuvinjelwe. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokuvimbela zimi kanje.

1) Inani leqoqo lokuqala likakhonkolo kufanele linqunywe ngokubala, futhi inani elanele namandla aphansi kufanele agcinwe ukuze kukhishwe udaka ngaphandle komsele.

2) Umlomo wepayipi kufanele ugcinwe ebangeni elingekho ngaphansi kuka-300 mm kuya ku-500 mm ukusuka phansi kwe-groove.

3) Ukujula komsele ofakwe kukhonkolo kufanele kugcinwe kungabi ngaphansi kuka-2.0 m.

4) Naka ukulawula isivinini sokuthulula ngesikhathi sokuthulula, futhi ngokuvamile usebenzise isando (iwashi) ukukala indawo ekhuphukayo kakhonkolo. Ngokusho kobude obulinganisiwe, thola isivinini nokuphakama kokukhipha ishubhu lomhlahlandlela.

Uma amanzi (udaka) engena epayipini lomhlahlandlela ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, imbangela yengozi kufanele itholakale ngokushesha futhi izindlela zokwelapha ezilandelayo kufanele zamukelwe.

I-1) Uma kubangelwa izizathu zokuqala noma zesibili ezishiwo ngenhla, uma ukujula kokhonkolo ngaphansi komsele kungaphansi kuka-0.5 m, isivalo samanzi singafakwa kabusha ukuze sithele ukhonkolo. Uma kungenjalo, ishubhu eliqondisayo kufanele likhishwe, ukhonkolo ongaphansi komsele kufanele ususwe ngomshini wokudonsa umoya, futhi ukhonkolo kufanele uthululwe kabusha; noma ishubhu eliqondisayo elinesembozo esingaphansi esigudlukayo kufanele lifakwe kukhonkolo futhi ukhonkolo kufanele uphinde uthelwe.

2) Uma kubangelwa isizathu sesithathu, ishubhu lokuqondisa udaka kufanele likhishwe futhi liphinde lifakwe kukhonkolo cishe nge-1 m, futhi udaka namanzi eshubhu lokuqondisa udaka kufanele kukhishwe futhi kukhishwe ngokumuncwa udaka. futha, bese kufanele kwengezwe ipulaki elingangeni amanzi ukuze kuphinde kuthelwe ukhonkolo. Ngokhonkolo othelwe kabusha, umthamo we-samente kufanele ukhuliswe kumapuleti amabili okuqala. Ngemva kokuba ukhonkolo uthululelwe epayipini lomhlahlandlela, ishubhu lomhlahlandlela kufanele liphakanyiswe kancane, futhi ipulaki eliphansi kufanele licindezelwe yi-deadweight kakhonkolo omusha, bese ukuthululwa kufanele kuqhubeke.

2. Ukuvinjwa kwamapayipi

Ngesikhathi sokuthulula, uma ukhonkolo ungakwazi ukwehla emgodini, kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi. Kunezimo ezimbili zokuvinjwa kwamapayipi.

I-1) Lapho ukhonkolo uqala ukuthululwa, isivalo samanzi sinamathele emgodini, okubangela ukuphazamiseka okwesikhashana kokuthulula. Izizathu yilezi: isivalo samanzi (ibhola) asenziwe futhi sicutshungulwa ngamasayizi avamile, ukuphambuka kosayizi kukhulu kakhulu, futhi kunamathele kumsele futhi awukwazi ukuxoshwa; ngaphambi kokuba i-conduit yehliswe, izinsalela ze-slurry zekhonkrithi odongeni lwangaphakathi azihlanzwa ngokuphelele; ukuwohloka kukakhonkolo kukhulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kabi, futhi isihlabathi sikhanywa phakathi kwesivalo samanzi (ibhola) kanye nomsele, ukuze isivalo samanzi singehli.

I-2) I-conduit kakhonkolo ivinjwe ukhonkolo, ukhonkolo awukwazi ukwehla, futhi kunzima ukuthulula kahle. Izizathu yilezi: ibanga phakathi komlomo we-conduit kanye nephansi lembobo lincane kakhulu noma lifakwe ku-sediment phansi kwembobo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi ukhonkolo ucindezelwe kusukela phansi kwepayipi; umthelela obheke phansi ukhonkolo awunele noma ukuwohloka kukakhonkolo kuncane kakhulu, ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana zamatshe bukhulu kakhulu, isilinganiso sesihlabathi sincane kakhulu, uketshezi olumanzi lumpofu, futhi ukhonkolo kunzima ukuwa; isikhathi phakathi kokuthulula kanye nokudla side kakhulu, ukhonkolo uba mkhulu, uketshezi luyancipha, noma luye lwaqina.

Kulezi zimo ezimbili ezingenhla, hlaziya izimbangela zokuvela kwazo futhi uthathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezivumayo, njengokucubungula kanye nosayizi wokukhiqiza wesivimbo samanzi kufanele uhlangabezane nezidingo, umsele kufanele uhlanzwe ngaphambi kokuthela ukhonkolo, ikhwalithi yokuxuba kanye nesikhathi sokuthulula. ukhonkolo kufanele ulawulwe ngokuqinile, ibanga phakathi komsele kanye nephansi lomgodi kufanele libalwe, futhi inani lokukhonkolo lokuqala kufanele libalwe ngokunembile.

Uma ukuvinjelwa kwamapayipi kwenzeka, hlaziya imbangela yenkinga futhi uthole ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi okungolwakho. Izindlela ezimbili ezilandelayo zingasetshenziswa ukubhekana nohlobo lokuvaleka kwamapayipi: uma kuwuhlobo lokuqala olushiwo ngenhla, lungabhekwana nalo ngokunyathela (ukuvinjelwa okuphezulu), ukucasula, nokudilizwa (ukuvinjelwa okuphakathi nendawo okuphansi). Uma kuwuhlobo lwesibili, izinsimbi ezinde zingashiselwa ukuze kunqandwe ukhonkolo epayipini ukuze ukhonkolo uwe. Ngokuvaleka kwamapayipi amancane, ukhreyini ungasetshenziswa ukunyakazisa intambo yepayipi futhi ufake isidlidlizi esinamathiselwe emlonyeni wepayipi ukuze iwe ukhonkolo. Uma ingasakwazi ukuwa, ipayipi kufanele ikhishwe ngokushesha futhi ihlakazwe isigaba ngesigaba, futhi ukhonkolo osepayipini kufanele uhlanzwe. Umsebenzi wokuthulula kufanele wenziwe kabusha ngokwendlela ebangelwa isizathu sesithathu sokungena kwamanzi epayipini.

3. Ipayipi eligqitshiwe

Ipayipi ayikwazi ukukhishwa ngesikhathi sokuthulula noma ipayipi ayikwazi ukukhishwa ngemuva kokugcwaliswa kokuthululwa. Ngokuvamile kubizwa ngokuthi ipayipi elingcwatshwe, elivame ukubangelwa ukungcwatshwa okujulile kwepayipi. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokuthulula side kakhulu, ipayipi alinyakaziswa ngesikhathi, noma izinsimbi zensimbi ezisekhejini lensimbi azishiselwe ngokuqinile, futhi ipayipi liyashayisana futhi lihlakazeke ngesikhathi sokulengiswa nokuthululwa kukakhonkolo, futhi ipayipi liyanamathela. , okuyisizathu futhi sepayipi eligqitshiwe.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela: Lapho uthela ukhonkolo ongaphansi kwamanzi, umuntu okhethekile kufanele abelwe ukulinganisa njalo ukujula okungcwatshwe komsele kukhonkolo. Ngokuvamile, kufanele ilawulwe phakathi kuka-2 m ~ 6 m. Lapho uthela ukhonkolo, umsele kufanele unyakaziswe kancane ukuvimbela umsele ukuba unganamatheli kukhonkolo. Isikhathi sokuthululela ukhonkolo kufanele sifinyezwe ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma kudingekile ukuba ngezikhathi ezithile, i-conduit kufanele idonswe ekujuleni okuncane okungcwatshwe. Ngaphambi kokwehlisa ikheji lensimbi, hlola ukuthi i-welding iqinile futhi akufanele kube khona ukushisela okuvulekile. Lapho ikheji lensimbi litholakala likhululekile ngesikhathi sokwehliswa komsele, kufanele lilungiswe futhi lishiselwe ngokuqinile ngesikhathi.

Uma kwenzeka ingozi yepayipi elingcwatshiwe, umsele kufanele uphakanyiswe ngokushesha ngu-crane we-tonnage enkulu. Uma umsele ungakakwazi ukukhishwa, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokudonsa umgudu ngamandla, bese ubhekana nawo ngendlela efanayo nenqwaba ephukile. Uma ukhonkolo ungakaqini ekuqaleni futhi uketshezi lungazange lwehle lapho kugqitshwa umsele, insalela yodaka engaphezulu kukakhonkolo ingamuncwa ngepompo yokumunca udaka, bese kuthi umsele wehliswe kabusha bese uphinda- kuthelwe ngokhonkolo. Indlela yokwelapha ngesikhathi sokuthululwa ifana nesizathu sesithathu samanzi emseleni.

4. Ukuthela okunganele

Ukuthela okunganele kubizwa nangokuthi inqwaba emfushane. Isizathu siwukuthi: ngemva kokuthululwa kuqediwe, ngenxa yokuwa komlomo wembobo noma isisindo esiningi sodaka endaweni ephansi, izinsalela ze-slurry zinzima kakhulu. Izisebenzi zokwakha azizange zilinganise ukhonkolo ngesando, kodwa ngephutha zacabanga ukuthi ukhonkolo wawuthelwe endaweni ephakeme eklanyelwe yesiqongo senqwaba, okwaphumela engozini ebangelwe ukuthululwa kwenqwaba emfushane.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo.

1) Imbobo yomlomo wembobo kufanele igqitshwe ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nezidingo zencazelo ukuvimbela umlomo wembobo ukuthi ungabhidliki, futhi isenzakalo sokubhidlika komlomo wembobo kufanele kubhekwane nakho ngesikhathi ngesikhathi sokumba.

I-2) Ngemuva kokuthi inqwaba ibhokile, i-sediment kufanele isuswe ngesikhathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubukhulu be-sediment buhlangabezana nezidingo zokucaciswa.

I-3) Lawula ngokuqinile isisindo sodaka sokuvikela udonga lokumba ukuze isisindo sodaka silawulwe phakathi kuka-1.1 no-1.15, futhi isisindo sodaka ngaphakathi kwe-500 mm ngaphansi komgodi ngaphambi kokuthela ukhonkolo kufanele sibe ngaphansi kuka-1.25, okuqukethwe kwesihlabathi ≤ 8%, kanye ne-viscosity ≤28s.

Indlela yokwelapha incike esimweni esithile. Uma kungekho manzi angaphansi komhlaba, inhloko yenqwaba ingambiwa, inhlabathi ewudaka intantayo inhlabathi ingashiswa ukuze kuvezwe ilunga elisha likakhonkolo, bese kuthi i-formwork isekelwe ekuxhumekeni kwenqwaba; uma isemanzini angaphansi komhlaba, i-casing inganwetshwa futhi igqitshwe ngo-50 cm ngaphansi kwendawo yokuqala kakhonkolo, futhi iphampu yodaka ingasetshenziswa ukukhipha udaka, ukususa udoti, bese uhlanza ikhanda lenqwaba ukuze kuxhunywe inqwaba.

5. Izinqwaba eziphukile

Iningi lazo imiphumela yesibili ebangelwa izinkinga ezingenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhlanza imbobo engaphelele noma isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuthulula, iqoqo lokuqala likakhonkolo liye lamiswa ekuqaleni futhi uketshezi luyancipha, futhi ukhonkolo oqhubekayo uphula ungqimba oluphezulu futhi ukhuphuke, ngakho-ke kuyoba nodaka kanye ne-slag endaweni. izingqimba ezimbili zikakhonkolo, futhi yonke inqwaba izohlanganiswa ngodaka kanye ne-slag yakhe inqwaba ephukile. Ukuze kuvinjwe futhi kulawulwe izinqwaba eziphukile, kudingekile ngokuyinhloko ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izinkinga ezingenhla. Ezingqungqutheleni ezephukile, kufanele zifundwe kanye nomnyango onekhono, uphiko lokuklama, ukuqondisa konjiniyela kanye nophiko lobuholi obuphezulu bophiko lwezokwakha ukuze kuphakanyiswe izindlela zokwelapha ezingokoqobo nezingenzeka.

Ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini, izindlela zokwelapha ezilandelayo zingathathwa uma kwenzeka izinqwaba eziphukile.

I-1) Ngemuva kokuba inqwaba iphukile, uma ikheji lensimbi lingakhishwa, kufanele likhishwe ngokushesha, bese umgodi kufanele uphindwe kabusha nge-drill nomthelela. Ngemuva kokuba umgodi usuhlanziwe, ikheji lensimbi kufanele lehliswe futhi ukhonkolo kufanele uphinde uthele.

2) Uma inqwaba iphukile ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwamapayipi futhi ukhonkolo othululiwe awuzange uqiniswe ekuqaleni, ngemva kokuba umsele ukhishwe futhi uhlanzwe, indawo ephezulu yokhonkolo othululiwe ilinganiswa ngesando, futhi umthamo wefunnel kanye i-conduit ibalwa ngokunembile. I-conduit yehliswa endaweni engu-10 cm ngaphezu kwendawo engaphezulu kukakhonkolo otheliwe futhi isinye sebhola sengeziwe. Qhubeka uthele ukhonkolo. Lapho ukhonkolo ku-funnel ugcwalisa umsele, cindezela umsele ongaphansi kwendawo engaphezulu yekhonkrithi ethululiwe, futhi inqwaba ehlangene emanzi iphelile.

I-3) Uma inqwaba iphukile ngenxa yokuwa noma i-conduit ayikwazi ukudonswa, uhlelo lokwengeza inqwaba lungahlongozwa ngokuhambisana neyunithi yokuklama ngokuhambisana nombiko wekhwalithi yokusingatha ingozi, futhi izinqwaba zingangezwa ezinhlangothini zombili inqwaba yokuqala.

I-4) Uma inqwaba ephukile itholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa komzimba wenqwaba, inqwaba yenziwe ngalesi sikhathi, futhi iyunithi ingabonisana ukuze ifunde indlela yokwelapha yokuqinisa i-grouting. Ukuze uthole imininingwane, sicela ubheke ulwazi olufanele lokuqinisa isisekelo senqwaba.