한국어
中文1. Indlela yokufaka esikhundleni
(1) Indlela yokushintshanisa iwukuba kukhishwe inhlabathi yesisekelo esingaphezulu esingesihle, bese ugcwalisa inhlabathi enezinto ezingcono zokucinana ukuze uhlanganise noma ugxotshwe ukuze kwakhe ungqimba oluhle lokuzala. Lokhu kuzoshintsha izici zomthamo wokuthwala wesisekelo futhi kuthuthukise amandla ayo okulwa nokuguquguquka nokuzinza.
Amaphuzu okwakha: ukumba ungqimba lomhlabathi okufanele uguqulwe futhi unake ukuzinza konqenqema lomgodi; qinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-filler; i-filler kufanele ihlanganiswe ngezingqimba.
(2) Indlela yokubuyisela i-vibro isebenzisa umshini okhethekile wokushintsha i-vibro ukuze udlidlizele futhi ushaye phansi ngaphansi kwamajethi amanzi anomfutho ophezulu ukuze kwakhe izimbobo esisekelweni, bese ugcwalisa izimbobo nge-aggregate emaholoholo njengetshe elichotshoziwe noma amatshana ngamaqoqo ukuze akheke. umzimba wenqwaba. Umzimba wenqwaba kanye nenhlabathi yesisekelo sokuqala kwakha isisekelo esiyinhlanganisela ukuze kuzuzwe injongo yokwandisa amandla okuthwala isisekelo nokunciphisa ukucindezelwa. Izindlela zokuphepha zokwakha: Umthamo wokuthwala kanye nokuhlaliswa kwenqwaba yamatshe echotshoziwe kuncike kakhulu ekuvinjweni okusemaceleni kwenhlabathi yesisekelo sokuqala kuyo. Uma ukucindezela kuba buthakathaka, umphumela wenqwaba yamatshe ochotshoziwe uba mubi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuqapha lapho isetshenziswa ezisekelweni zobumba ezithambile ezinamandla aphansi kakhulu.
(3) Indlela yokushintshanisa iRamming (ukukhama) isebenzisa amapayipi azikayo noma izando zokunqanda ukubeka amapayipi (izando) enhlabathini, ukuze inhlabathi icindezelwe eceleni, bese kufakwa amatshe noma isihlabathi nezinye izigcwalisi epayipini (noma i-ramming). umgodi). Umzimba wenqwaba kanye nenhlabathi yesisekelo sokuqala kwakha isisekelo esiyinhlanganisela. Ngenxa yokucindezela kanye ne-ramming, inhlabathi igxiliwe eceleni, inhlabathi iphakama, futhi ukucindezela kwamanzi okugcoba okweqile kwenhlabathi kuyanda. Lapho umfutho we-pore owedlulele wamanzi uhlakazeka, amandla enhlabathi nawo ayanda ngokufanele. Izinyathelo zokuphepha zokwakha: Uma isigcwalisi siyisihlabathi kanye netshe elikwazi ukungena kahle, siwumzila omuhle wokudonsa amanzi ome mpo.
2. Indlela yokulayisha kuqala
(1) Indlela yokulayisha ngaphambili yokulayisha Ngaphambi kokwakha isakhiwo, indlela yokulayisha yesikhashana (isihlabathi, amatshe, inhlabathi, ezinye izinto zokwakha, izimpahla, njll.) isetshenziselwa ukufaka umthwalo esisekelweni, okunikeza isikhathi esithile sokulayisha ngaphambili. Ngemuva kokuthi isisekelo sicindezelwe ngaphambili ukuze siqedele iningi lokuhlala futhi amandla okuthwala isisekelo athuthukisiwe, umthwalo uyasuswa futhi isakhiwo sakhiwe. Inqubo yokwakha kanye namaphuzu abalulekile: a. Umthwalo olayishwayo kufanele ngokuvamile ulingane noma ube mkhulu kunomthwalo wedizayini; b. Ukuze kulayishwe indawo enkulu, iloli yokulahla imfucumfucu kanye negandaganda kungasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela, futhi izinga lokuqala lokulayisha ezisekelweni zenhlabathi ethambile kakhulu lingenziwa ngemishini elula noma umsebenzi wezandla; c. Ububanzi obuphezulu bokulayisha kufanele bube buncane kunobubanzi obungaphansi besakhiwo, futhi phansi kufanele kukhuliswe ngokufanelekile; d. Umthwalo osebenza esisekelweni akufanele udlule umthwalo wokugcina wesisekelo.
(2) Indlela yokulayisha kuqala i-vacuum Ungqimba lomcamelo wesihlabathi lubekwe phezu kwesisekelo sobumba oluthambile, lumbozwe nge-geomembrane futhi luvalwe nxazonke. Iphampu ye-vacuum isetshenziselwa ukukhipha ungqimba lwe-sand cushion ukwenza ukucindezela okungalungile kusisekelo ngaphansi kolwelwesi. Njengoba kukhishwa umoya namanzi esisekelweni, inhlabathi yesisekelo iyahlanganiswa. Ukuze kusheshiswe ukuhlanganiswa, imithombo yesihlabathi noma amabhodi okudonsa amanzi epulasitiki nawo angasetshenziswa, okungukuthi, imithombo yesihlabathi noma amabhodi okudonsa amanzi angamba ngaphambi kokubeka isendlalelo se-sand cushion kanye ne-geomembrane ukuze kufinyezwe ibanga lokugeleza. Amaphuzu okwakha: qala ngokumisa uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi olume mpo, amapayipi okuhlunga asatshalaliswe ngokuvundlile kufanele angcwatshwe abe yimicu noma amathambo ezinhlanzi, futhi ulwelwesi oluvala ungqimba lomcamelo wesihlabathi kufanele lube izingqimba ezi-2-3 zefilimu ye-polyvinyl chloride, okufanele ibekwe kanyekanye. ngokulandelana. Uma indawo inkulu, kuyatuseka ukuthi kulayishwe kuqala ezindaweni ezahlukene; bheka i-vacuum degree, ukuhlala phansi, ukuhlala okujulile, ukufuduka okuvundlile, njll.; Ngemuva kokulayisha kuqala, umgodi wesihlabathi kanye nongqimba lwe-humus kufanele kususwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe umthelela endaweni ezungezile.
(3) Indlela yokukhipha amanzi Ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kunganciphisa umfutho wamanzi we-pore wesisekelo futhi kwandise ukucindezeleka okuzithwala kwenhlabathi engaphezulu, ukuze ukucindezeleka okuphumelelayo kukhule, ngaleyo ndlela kulayishwe isisekelo. Lokhu empeleni ukufeza inhloso yokulayisha kuqala ngokwehlisa izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nokuncika ekuzilinganiseni kwesisindo senhlabathi yesisekelo. Amaphuzu okwakha: ngokuvamile sebenzisa izindawo ezilula zemithombo, izindawo ze-jet noma izindawo ezijulile zemithombo; lapho ungqimba lomhlabathi lugcwele ubumba, i-silt, i-silt kanye nobumba oluthambile, kuhle ukuhlanganisa nama-electrode.
(4) Indlela ye-Electroosmosis: faka ama-electrode ensimbi esisekelweni futhi udlule umanje oqondile. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sensimu kagesi yamanje, amanzi enhlabathini azogeleza esuka ku-anode aye ku-cathode ukuze enze i-electroosmosis. Ungavumeli ukuthi amanzi agcwaliswe ku-anode futhi usebenzise i-vacuum ukupompa amanzi endaweni yomthombo ku-cathode, ukuze izinga lamanzi angaphansi kwehle futhi okuqukethwe kwamanzi emhlabathini kunciphe. Ngenxa yalokho, isisekelo sihlanganiswe futhi sihlanganiswe, futhi amandla ayathuthukiswa. Indlela ye-electroosmosis ingasetshenziswa futhi ngokuhambisana nokulayisha kuqala ukuze kusheshiswe ukuhlanganiswa kwezisekelo zobumba olugcwele.
3. Indlela yokuhlanganisa kanye ne-tamping
1. Indlela yokuhlanganisa indawo engaphezulu isebenzisa imishini yokugoqa ngesandla, imishini yokunyathelisa engenamandla amancane, imishini yokugingqa noma yokudlidliza ukuze ihlanganise inhlabathi engaphezulu exege kakhulu. Ingakwazi futhi ukuhlanganisa inhlabathi yokugcwalisa enezingqimba. Uma amanzi enhlabathi engaphezulu engaphezulu noma amanzi ongqimba lomhlabathi ogcwalisayo ephakeme, umcako nosimende kungabekwa kube izingqimba ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuze kuqiniswe inhlabathi.
2. Indlela yokunyathela isando esindayo Ukunyathela ngesando esindayo ukusebenzisa amandla amakhulu okugxoba akhiqizwe ukuwa kwamahhala kwesando esindayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe isisekelo esingajulile, ukuze kwakhiwe ungqimba lwegobolondo eliqinile olufana ngokuqhathaniswa phezulu, kanye nokujiya okuthile ungqimba oluthwala luyatholakala. Amaphuzu abalulekile okwakha: Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-tamping kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kunqunywe imingcele efanele yezobuchwepheshe, njengesisindo sesando esigxotshwayo, ububanzi obuphansi kanye nebanga lokudonsa, inani lokugcina lokucwila kanye nenani elihambisanayo lezikhathi zokucindezela kanye nenani eliphelele. inani lokucwila; ukuphakama kwendawo engaphansi ye-groove nomgodi ngaphambi kokugxotshwa kufanele kube phezulu kunokuphakama kokuklama; umswakama wenhlabathi yesisekelo kufanele ulawulwe ngaphakathi kwebanga lokuqukethwe komswakama elifanele ngesikhathi sokugxotshwa; ukugxotshwa kwendawo enkulu kufanele kwenziwe ngokulandelana; ijule kuqala futhi ingashoni kamuva lapho ukuphakama kwesisekelo kuhlukile; ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwasebusika, lapho inhlabathi iqhwa, ungqimba lwenhlabathi eqandisiwe kufanele lumbiwe noma ungqimba lomhlabathi luncibilike ngokushisa; Ngemva kokuqedwa, inhlabathi engaphezulu exegiwe kufanele isuswe ngesikhathi noma inhlabathi entantayo kufanele igxishwe endaweni ephakeme yomklamo endaweni econsi ecishe ibe yi-1m.
3. Ukunyathela okuqinile isifinyezo sokunyathela okuqinile. Isando esindayo siwiswa ngokukhululekile sisuka endaweni ephakeme, sisebenzisa amandla aphezulu esisekelweni, futhi sinyathela phansi ngokuphindaphindiwe. Isakhiwo sezinhlayiyana enhlabathini yesisekelo siyalungiswa, futhi inhlabathi iba minyene, okungathuthukisa kakhulu amandla esisekelo futhi kunciphise ukucindezelwa. Inqubo yokwakha imi kanje: 1) Izinga lendawo; 2) Beka isendlalelo se-cushion setshe elilinganiselwe; 3) Setha izinsimbi zamatshe ngokuhlanganisa okunamandla; 4) Izinga futhi ugcwalise isendlalelo se-cushion yetshe elilinganiselwe; 5) Ihlanganiswe ngokugcwele kanye; 6) Izinga futhi ubeke i-geotextile; 7) Gcwalisa emuva isendlalelo se-slag cushion bese usigoqa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili nge-roller edlidlizayo. Ngokuvamile, ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa okunamandla okukhulu, ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kufanele kwenziwe esizeni esinendawo engeqile ku-400m2 ukuze kutholwe idatha kanye nomklamo nomhlahlandlela wokwakha.
4. Indlela yokuhlanganisa
1. Indlela yokuhlanganisa enyakazayo isebenzisa ukudlidliza okuvundlile okuphindaphindiwe kanye nomphumela wokucindezela ongemuva okhiqizwe umshini okhethekile wokudlidliza ukuze ucekele phansi kancane kancane ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi ukhuphule ngokushesha umfutho wamanzi wembotshana. Ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwesakhiwo, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi zingase zihambe ziye endaweni engaba namandla aphansi, ukuze inhlabathi iguquke isuke ekubeni ixegayo iye kominyene.
Inqubo yokwakha: (1) Linganisa indawo yokwakha futhi uhlele izindawo zenqwaba; (2) Imoto yokwakha isendaweni futhi isidlidlizi siqondiswe endaweni yenqwaba; (3) Qala isidlidlizi bese usiyeka sicwila ongqimbeni lomhlabathi size sibe ngamasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-50 ngaphezu kokujula kokuqinisa, rekhoda inani lamanje nesikhathi sesidlidlizi ekujuleni ngakunye, bese uphakamisa isidlidlizi uye emlonyeni wembobo. Phinda lezi zinyathelo ezingenhla izikhathi ezi-1 kuya kwezi-2 ukuze wenze udaka embobeni lube mncane. (4) Thela inqwaba yokugcwalisa emgodini, gxilisa isidlidlizi kusigcwalisi ukuze usihlanganise futhi wandise ububanzi benqwaba. Phinda lesi sinyathelo kuze kube yilapho imanje ekujuleni ifinyelela kumanje ohlanganisayo oshiwo, futhi urekhode inani lokugcwalisa. (5) Phakamisa isidlidlizi ngembobo futhi uqhubeke nokwakha ingxenye yenqwaba engaphezulu kuze kube yilapho yonke inqwaba idlidliza, bese uhambisa isidlidlizi kanye nezinto zokusebenza kwenye indawo yenqwaba. (6) Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza inqwaba, ingxenye ngayinye yenqwaba kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zamanje zokuhlanganisa, inani lokugcwalisa kanye nesikhathi sokugcina ukudlidliza. Imingcele eyisisekelo kufanele inqunywe ngokuhlolwa kokwenza inqwaba endaweni. (7) Uhlelo lwemisele yokukhipha udaka kufanele lumiswe kusenesikhathi endaweni yokwakha ukuze kugxiliswe udaka namanzi akhiqizwe ngesikhathi sokwenza inqwaba ibe ithangi lokudicilela phansi. Udaka oluwugqinsi olungaphansi kwethangi lungambiwa njalo futhi luthunyelwe endaweni yokugcina ehlelwe kusengaphambili. Amanzi acwebile uma kuqhathaniswa phezulu ethangini le-sedimentation angasetshenziswa kabusha. (8) Okokugcina, inqwaba yenqwaba enogqinsi lwemitha elilodwa phezulu kwenqwaba kufanele imbiwe, noma ihlanganiswe futhi ihlanganiswe ngokuginqika, ukunyathela okuqinile (i-over-tamping), njll., futhi ungqimba lomcamelo kufanele lwendlalwe. futhi ihlanganiswe.
2. Izinqwaba zamatshe acwilisa amapayipi (izinqwaba zamatshe, izinqwaba zenhlabathi yomcako, izinqwaba ze-OG, izinqwaba zezinga eliphansi, njll.) zisebenzisa imishini yenqwaba ecwilisa amapayipi ukuze zisando, zidlidlize, noma zicindezele ngokuqhubekayo amapayipi esisekelweni ukuze akhe izimbobo, bese ebeka. izinto zokwakha emapayipini, futhi uphakamise (udlidlize) amapayipi ngenkathi ufaka izinto zokwakha kuwo ukuze wakhe umzimba wenqwaba ominyene, owakha isisekelo esiyinhlanganisela esinesisekelo sokuqala.
3. Izinqwaba zamatshe anezingqimba (izigxobo zamatshe ebhulokhi) zisebenzisa ukugxoba ngesando esindayo noma izindlela eziqinile zokugxoba amatshe esisekelweni, kancane kancane agcwalise uhlamvu (itshe le-block) emgodini wokugxoba, futhi agxivize ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze enze izinqwaba zamatshe noma amabhlogo. izinsimbi zamatshe.
5. Indlela yokuxuba
1. Indlela yokugaya ijethi enengcindezi ephezulu (indlela yejethi ejikelezayo enengcindezi ephezulu) isebenzisa umfutho ophezulu ukufafaza udaka lukasimende olusuka embotsheni yomjovo ngepayipi, ukusika nokucekela phansi inhlabathi ngesikhathi ixutshwa nenhlabathi futhi idlala indima yokushintsha ingxenye. Ngemva kokuqiniswa, iba yinqwaba exubile (ikholomu) yomzimba, eyenza isisekelo esiyinhlanganisela kanye nesisekelo. Le ndlela ingase isetshenziselwe ukwakha isakhiwo esigcinayo noma isakhiwo esiphikisana nokuphenya.
2. Indlela yokuxuba ejulile Indlela yokuxuba ejulile isetshenziswa kakhulukazi ukuqinisa ubumba oluthambile olugcwele. Isebenzisa udaka lukasimende nosimende (noma impusha ye-lime) njenge-ejenti eyinhloko yokwelapha, futhi isebenzisa umshini okhethekile wokuxuba ojulile ukuze ithumele into elaphayo enhlabathini yesisekelo futhi iphoqe ukuba ixube nenhlabathi ukuze yenze inqwaba yomhlabathi usimende (i-lime). (ikholomu) umzimba, owakha isisekelo esiyinhlanganisela esinesisekelo sokuqala. Izakhiwo ezingokoqobo neziwumshini zezinqwaba zenhlabathi zikasimende (amakholomu) zincike ochungechungeni lokusabela kwamakhemikhali abonakalayo phakathi kwe-ejenti elaphayo kanye nenhlabathi. Inani le-ejenti yokwelapha elingeziwe, ukufana kokuxuba kanye nezakhiwo zomhlabathi yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta izakhiwo zenqwaba yenhlabathi kasimende (amakholomu) ngisho namandla kanye nokucindezelwa kwesisekelo esiyinhlanganisela. Inqubo yokwakha: ① Ukubeka indawo ② Ukulungiselela ukuthungatha ③ Ukulethwa kwe-slurry ④ Ukubhoboza nokufutha ⑤ Ukuphakamisa nokuxuba ukufutha ⑥ Ukubhoboza okuphindaphindiwe nokufafaza ⑦ Ukuphakamisa okuphindaphindiwe nokuxuba ⑧ Lapho isivinini sokubhoboza nesokuphakamisa i-shaft yokuxuba/5-min ingu-10m6-min. ukuxuba kufanele kuphindwe kanye. ⑨ Ngemva kokuba inqwaba isiqediwe, hlanza amabhlokhi enhlabathi asongwe ezinsikeni zokuxuba kanye nembobo yokufafaza, bese uhambisa umshayeli wenqwaba kwenye indawo yenqwaba ukuze kwakhiwe.
6. Indlela yokuqinisa
(1) I-Geosynthetics Geosynthetics iwuhlobo olusha lwempahla yobunjiniyela be-geotechnical. Isebenzisa ama-polymers ahlanganiswe ngokwenziwa njengamapulasitiki, imicu yamakhemikhali, irabha yokwenziwa, njll. njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokwenza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemikhiqizo, ezibekwe ngaphakathi, phezulu noma phakathi kwezingqimba zomhlabathi ukuze kuqiniswe noma kuvikelwe umhlabathi. I-Geosynthetics ingahlukaniswa ngama-geotextiles, ama-geomembranes, ama-geosynthetics akhethekile kanye ne-geosynthetics eyinhlanganisela.
(2) Ubuchwepheshe bodonga lwezinzipho zenhlabathi Izinzipho zomhlabathi ngokuvamile zisethwa ngokubhoboza, ukufaka izinsimbi, nokugxusha, kodwa kukhona nezinzipho zenhlabathi ezakhiwe ngokushayela ngokuqondile izinsimbi eziwugqinsi, izingxenye zensimbi, namapayipi ensimbi. Isipikili senhlabathi sithintana nenhlabathi ezungezile ngobude baso bonke. Ngokuthembela ekuphikiseni ukungqubuzana kwebhondi kusixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana, yakha inhlabathi eyinhlanganisela nenhlabathi ezungezile. I-nail yomhlabathi ingaphansi kokuphoqelelwa ngaphansi kwesimo sokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi. Umhlabathi uqiniswa ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi wawo wokugunda. Isipikili somhlabathi ngokuvamile sakha i-angle ethile ngendiza, ngakho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi i-oblique reinforcement. Izinzipho zenhlabathi zilungele ukusekela umgodi wesisekelo kanye nokuqiniswa kwemithambeka kokugcwaliswa kokwenziwa, inhlabathi yobumba, nesihlabathi esinosimende esibuthakathaka ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma ngemva kokuna kwemvula.
(3) Inhlabathi eqinisiwe Inhlabathi eqinisiwe iwukuba ugxilise ukuqina okuqinile ongqimbeni lomhlabathi, futhi usebenzise ukungqubuzana okukhiqizwa ukususwa kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi kanye nokuqiniswa ukuze kwakheke yonke inhlabathi nezinto zokuqinisa, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka okuphelele futhi kuthuthukise ukuzinza okuphelele. . Ukuqiniswa kuwukuqiniswa okuvundlile. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa izinto ezicwecwayo, ezinezikhala, kanye nezintambo ezinamandla okuqinile okuqinile, i-coefficient enkulu yokungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kusetshenziswa, njengamashidi ensimbi analakathi; ama-alloys e-aluminium, izinto zokwenziwa, njll.
7. Indlela ye-Grouting
Sebenzisa umfutho womoya, i-hydraulic pressure noma izimiso ze-electrochemical ukuze ujove ama-slurries athile aqinisayo endaweni yesisekelo noma igebe phakathi kwesakhiwo nesisekelo. I-slurry ye-grouting ingaba udaka lukasimende, udaka lukasimende, udaka lukasimende wobumba, udaka lobumba, udaka lwe-lime kanye nama-slurries amakhemikhali ahlukahlukene njenge-polyurethane, i-lignin, i-silicate, njll. , i-plugging grouting, i-reinforcement grouting kanye nokulungiswa kokulungiswa kokutsheka kwesakhiwo. Ngokwendlela yokugaya, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-compaction grouting, i-infiltration grouting, i-grouting ehlukanisayo kanye ne-electrochemical grouting. Indlela ye-Grouting inezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo endaweni yokongiwa kwamanzi, ukwakhiwa, imigwaqo namabhuloho kanye nezinkambu ezihlukahlukene zobunjiniyela.
8. Isisekelo esibi esivamile senhlabathi kanye nezici zabo
1. Ubumba oluthambile Ubumba oluthambile lubuye lubizwe ngokuthi umhlabathi othambile, okuyisifinyezo senhlabathi yobumba ebuthakathaka. Yakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwe-Quaternary period futhi iyingxenye ye-viscous sediments noma i-alluvial deposits yesigaba sasolwandle, isigaba se-lagoon, isigaba sesigodi somfula, isigaba sechibi, isigaba sesigodi esiminze, isigaba se-delta, njll. Isatshalaliswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini, phakathi nendawo. kanye nezindawo eziphansi zemifula noma eduze namachibi. Umhlabathi ojwayelekile wobumba obuthaka inhlabathi enodaka kanye nodaka. Izici ezingokoqobo neziwumshini zenhlabathi ethambile zihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo: (1) Izinto ezibonakalayo Ubumba oluqukethwe luphezulu, futhi inkomba ye-plasticity Ip ngokuvamile inkulu kuno-17, okuwubumba lomhlabathi. Ubumba oluthambile ngokuvamile lumpunga okumnyama, luluhlaza okotshani, lunephunga elibi, luqukethe izinto eziphilayo, futhi lunamanzi amaningi, ngokuvamile angaphezu kwama-40%, kanti udaka lungaba ngaphezu kwama-80%. Isilinganiso se-porosity ngokuvamile singu-1.0-2.0, phakathi kwayo isilinganiso se-porosity sika-1.0-1.5 sibizwa ngokuthi ubumba oluthambile, kanti isilinganiso se-porosity esikhulu kuno-1.5 sibizwa ngokuthi i-silt. Ngenxa yobumba obuphezulu, okuqukethwe kwamanzi amaningi kanye ne-porosity enkulu, izakhiwo zayo zemishini nazo zibonisa izici ezihambisanayo - amandla aphansi, ukucindezelwa okuphezulu, ukuvuthwa okuphansi nokuzwela okukhulu. (2) Izakhiwo zemishini Amandla obumba oluthambile aphansi kakhulu, futhi amandla angakhiqiziwe ngokuvamile angu-5-30 kPa kuphela, okubonakala ngenani eliphansi kakhulu eliyisisekelo lokuthwala umthamo, ngokuvamile aweqili ku-70 kPa, kanti amanye ngisho kuphela. 20 kpa. Ubumba oluthambile, ikakhulukazi udaka, lunokuzwela okuphezulu, okubuye kube inkomba ebalulekile ehlukanisa nobumba obujwayelekile. Ubumba oluthambile lucindezela kakhulu. I-compression coefficient inkulu kuno-0.5 MPa-1, futhi ingafinyelela umkhawulo ongu-45 MPa-1. Inkomba yokucindezela imayelana ne-0.35-0.75. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, izingqimba zobumba ezithambile zingezenhlabathi evamile ehlanganisiwe noma inhlabathi eqiniswe kancane, kodwa ezinye izingqimba zenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi izingqimba zenhlabathi esanda kufakwa, zingase zibe zenhlabathi engaqinile. I-coefficient encane kakhulu ye-permeability ingesinye isici esibalulekile sobumba oluthambile, ngokuvamile oluphakathi kuka-10-5-10-8 cm/s. Uma i-permeability coefficient incane, izinga lokuhlanganisa lihamba kancane, ukucindezeleka okuphumelelayo kukhula kancane, futhi ukuzinza kokuxazulula kuhamba kancane, futhi amandla esisekelo akhula kancane kakhulu. Lesi sici siyingxenye ebalulekile ekhawulela kakhulu indlela yokwelapha eyisisekelo kanye nomthelela wokwelapha. (3) Izici zobunjiniyela Isisekelo sobumba oluthambile sinamandla amancane okuthwala kanye nokukhula kwamandla okunensa; kulula ukukhubaza nokungalingani ngemva kokulayisha; izinga lokuguqulwa likhulu futhi isikhathi sokuzinza side; inezici ze-permeability ephansi, i-thixotropy kanye ne-rheology ephezulu. Izindlela zokwelashwa kwesisekelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zifaka indlela yokulayisha kuqala, indlela yokufaka esikhundleni, indlela yokuxuba, njll.
2. Ukugcwaliswa Okuxubile Ukugcwaliswa Okuxubile kuvela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezindala nasezindaweni zezimboni nezimayini. Yinhlabathi kadoti eshiywe noma enqwabelene ukuphila kwabantu nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Le nhlabathi kadoti ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu: inhlabathi yemfucumfucu yokwakha, inhlabathi kadoti yasekhaya kanye nomhlabathi kadoti wokukhiqiza izimboni. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi kadoti kanye nenhlabathi kadoti enqwabelene ngezikhathi ezihlukene kunzima ukuyichaza ngezinkomba zamandla ezihlangene, izinkomba zokucindezela kanye nezinkomba zokungena. Izici eziyinhloko zokugcwaliswa okuxubile ukunqwabelana okungahleliwe, ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi, izakhiwo ezihlukene, ukushuba okungalingani kanye nokungajwayelekile kahle. Ngakho-ke, isayithi elifanayo libonisa umehluko osobala wokucindezelwa namandla, okulula kakhulu ukubangela ukuxazululwa okungalingani, futhi ngokuvamile kudinga ukwelashwa kwesisekelo.
3. Gcwalisa inhlabathi Gcwalisa inhlabathi inhlabathi efakwe ngokugcwaliswa nge-hydraulic. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ibisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthuthukisweni kwamagagasi asogwini kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwezindawo zezikhukhula. Idamu eliwa amanzi (elibizwa nangokuthi i-fill dam) elivame ukubonakala esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yidamu elakhiwe ngenhlabathi egcwele. Isisekelo esakhiwe ngokugcwalisa inhlabathi singabhekwa njengohlobo lwesisekelo semvelo. Izakhiwo zayo zobunjiniyela ngokuyinhloko zincike ezintweni zenhlabathi yokugcwalisa. Gcwalisa isisekelo senhlabathi ngokuvamile sinezici ezibalulekile ezilandelayo. (1) I-particle sedimentation ngokusobala ihlungiwe. Eduze nendawo yokufaka udaka, izinhlayiya ezimahhadla zifakwa kuqala. Kude nendawo yokufaka udaka, izinhlayiya ezifakwe emanzini ziba ngcono. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona i-stratification ecacile ekuqondeni kokujula. (2) Okuqukethwe kwamanzi enhlabathini yokugcwalisa kuphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa, ngokuvamile kukhulu kunomkhawulo woketshezi, futhi isesimweni esigelezayo. Ngemva kokumiswa kokugcwalisa, ubuso buvame ukuqhekeka ngemva kokuhwamuka kwemvelo, futhi okuqukethwe kwamanzi kuncipha kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, inhlabathi yokugcwalisa ephansi isasesimweni esigelezayo lapho izimo zokukhipha amanzi zingezinhle. Ukuqina kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi egcwele, kusobala kakhulu lesi simo. (3) Amandla okuqala esisekelo somhlabathi wokugcwalisa aphansi kakhulu futhi ukucindezelwa kuphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inhlabathi yokugcwalisa isesimweni esingaqinisiwe. Isisekelo se-backfill kancane kancane sifinyelela esimweni esivamile sokuhlanganisa njengoba isikhathi esimile sikhula. Izakhiwo zayo zobunjiniyela zincike ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiyana, ukufana, izimo zokuhlanganisa amanzi kanye nesikhathi esimile ngemva kokugcwalisa emuva.
4. Isihlabathi esinenhlabathi eyisihlabathi esigcwele udaka noma isisekelo sesihlabathi esicolekile sivame ukuba namandla aphezulu ngaphansi komthwalo ongashintshi. Kodwa-ke, lapho umthwalo wokudlidliza (ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukudlidliza komshini, njll.) kusebenza, isisekelo senhlabathi enesihlabathi esigcwele esixegayo singancibilika noma sibe nenani elikhulu lokuguquguquka kokudlidliza, noma silahlekelwe amandla okuthwala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya zenhlabathi zihleleke ngokuxekethile futhi indawo yezinhlayiya iyasuswa ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla ashukumisayo angaphandle ukuze kuzuzwe ibhalansi entsha, edala ngokushesha umfutho wamanzi wembotshana owedlulele futhi ukucindezeleka okusebenzayo kuncipha ngokushesha. Inhloso yokwelapha lesi sisekelo ukwenza kube compact kakhudlwana futhi kuqedwe ukuthi kungenzeka uketshezi ngaphansi komthwalo oguquguqukayo. Izindlela zokwelapha ezivamile zihlanganisa indlela ye-extrusion, indlela ye-vibroflotation, njll.
5. I-Collapsible loess Umhlabathi owenza ukuguqulwa okuphawulekayo okwengeziwe ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo senhlabathi ngemva kokucwiliswa ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okuzithwala kwengqimba yenhlabathi engaphezulu, noma ngaphansi kwesenzo esihlangene sokucindezeleka kwesisindo nokucindezeleka okwengeziwe, kubizwa ngokuthi i-collapsible. umhlabathi, okungowomhlabathi okhethekile. Eminye inhlabathi egcwele ingxubevange nayo iyagoqeka. Ukulahlekelwa okusatshalaliswa kabanzi eNyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe lami, eNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-China, e-Central China nasezingxenyeni ze-East China kuyagoqeka kakhulu. (I-loess okukhulunywe ngayo lapha ibhekisela enhlabathini efana ne-loess. I-Collapsible loess ihlukaniswa ngokwesisindo esigoqekayo kanye ne-non-self-weight collapsible loess, kanti enye i-loess endala ayigoqeki). Lapho wenza ukwakhiwa kobunjiniyela ezisekelweni ze-loess ezigoqekayo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kubhekwe umonakalo ongaba khona kuphrojekthi obangelwe ukuwohloka kwesisekelo, futhi ukhethe izindlela zokwelapha eziyisisekelo ezifanele ukugwema noma ukuqeda ukuwa kwesisekelo noma ukulimala okudalwe inani elincane lokuwa.
6. Inhlabathi enwetshiwe Ingxenye yamaminerali yenhlabathi enwetshiwe ngokuyinhloko i-montmorillonite, ene-hydrophilicity eqinile. Iyanda ngevolumu lapho imunca amanzi futhi incipha ngevolumu lapho ilahlekelwa amanzi. Lokhu kunwebeka nokuncipha kuvame ukuba kukhulu kakhulu futhi kungabangela kalula umonakalo ezakhiweni. Inhlabathi enwetshiwe isatshalaliswa kabanzi ezweni lami, njengeGuangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu nezinye izindawo, ngokusatshalaliswa okuhlukile. Inhlabathi enwetshiwe iwuhlobo olukhethekile lomhlabathi. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokwelashwa kwesisekelo zihlanganisa ukubuyisela umhlabathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi, ukucwiliswa ngaphambili, kanye nezinyathelo zobunjiniyela zokuvimbela izinguquko kokuqukethwe komswakama kwesisekelo senhlabathi.
7. Inhlabathi ephilayo kanye ne-peat Inhlabathi Lapho inhlabathi iqukethe izinto eziphilayo ezihlukene, kuyokwakhiwa inhlabathi ehlukahlukene yemvelo. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter kudlula okuqukethwe okuthile, inhlabathi ye-peat izokwakhiwa. Inezici zobunjiniyela ezahlukene. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe kwe-organic matter, kuba nomthelela omkhulu kukhwalithi yenhlabathi, ebonakala kakhulu ngamandla aphansi kanye nokucindezelwa okuphezulu. Iphinde ibe nemiphumela ehlukene ekufakweni kwezinto ezihlukene zobunjiniyela, okunomthelela omubi ekwakhiweni kobunjiniyela obuqondile noma ukwelashwa kwesisekelo.
8. Inhlabathi yesisekelo sezintaba Izimo ze-geological zenhlabathi yesisekelo sezintaba ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqhathaniswa, zibonakaliswa ngokuyinhloko ngokungalingani kwesisekelo kanye nokuzinza kwesayithi. Ngenxa yethonya lendawo yemvelo kanye nezimo zokwakheka kwesisekelo senhlabathi, kungase kube namadwala amakhulu endaweni, futhi indawo yendawo ingase ibe nezimo ezingezinhle zomhlaba ezifana nokudilika kwenhlabathi, ukudilika kodaka, nokuwa kwemithambeka. Bazobeka usongo oluqondile noma olungase lube usongo ezakhiweni. Lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezisekelweni zezintaba, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ezicini zendawo ezungezile kanye nezimo ezimbi ze-geological, futhi isisekelo kufanele siphathwe lapho kudingekile.
9. I-Karst Ezindaweni ze-karst, kuvame ukuba nemigede noma imigede yomhlaba, ama-karst gullies, ama-karst crevices, ama-depression, njll. Akhiwa futhi athuthukiswe ukuguguleka noma ukumbozeka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Banomthelela omkhulu ezakhiweni futhi bathambekele ekuguquguqukeni okungalingani, ukuwa kanye nokuncipha kwesisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa okudingekile kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokwakha izakhiwo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-17-2024